Argument in Encounters with the Archdruid Essay Example for Free

Argument in Encounters with the Archdruid EssayIn the third section of John McPhees Encounters with the Archdruid, the author observes the discourse surrounded by conservationist David Brower and Commissi matchlessr of the way of Reclamation, Floyd Dominy, on the merits of dekameters in the s let onhwestern United States. Brower hates all jams, large and small, magical spell Dominy sees decameters as essential to our civilization. The Glen Canyon occlude and Lake Powell, which Dominy created, are the main(prenominal) issue of debate between the two men.Floyd Dominy graduated from the University of Wyoming in 1932 and, after an unsuccessful stint as a teacher, became a county agricultural agent for the national government in Wyomings Gillette County. This was the time of the Great Depression and also a great drought in the American Midwest, which quickly garnered the name of the dust bowl. foiled by the lack of water available to farmers in his county, Dominy orchestrate d the building of many another(prenominal) dams in Gillette County, providing water to thirsty farmers and their livestock. Rewarded with a job in the Bureau of Reclamation for his efforts, Dominy became the Bureaus director in 1959 and oversaw the construction of Glen Canyon Dam on the atomic number 27 River.Completed in 1962, the 710 foot tall dam built out of 4.9 million cubic yards of concrete has a reservoir (Lake Powell) that has a maximum capacity of 27 million acre-feet and is the one of the largest reservoirs in the world. Lake Powell has become a favorite water recreation site and provides homes with about 1 million kilowatts of hydroelectric power and 8.23 million acre-feet of water and irrigation per year. Dominy views the dam as a great asset, twain to provide utilities and to provide recreation Now people can fish, swim, water-ski, sun-bathe. Cant you imagine going there with your family for a weekend, getting away from everybody? But Mr. Brower says we undone it . (174)David Brower was born in 1912 in Berkeley Hills, California. When he was young his father used to take him to the sierra, where Brower found his love for constitution. After leaving his study of entomology at UC-Berkeley, Brower left for the sierra, and became a world-class mountaineer, conquering over seventy mountain peaks. John McPhee even mused that if he were to be setdown at darkness anywhere in the Sierra Nevada, with the coming morning he would know just where he is. After serving as a decorated platoon loss leader in World War II, Brower started his work with the Sierra Club, becoming the first executive director of the club in 1952. Over this remarkable period until his spark in 1969, Brower would become the worlds foremost naturalist and environmental conservationist.The flooding of Glen Canyon was very personal to Brower, and his failure to stop the dams construction haunted him for the rest his life. He referred to it as Americas most regretted environmental mistake, and the greatest failure of his life. (163) In 1952, the Echo Park and Split Mountain Dams were proposed, which threatened the Green and Yampa Rivers and Dinosaur National Monument. Brower led the Sierra Club into action. Successfully, under his leadership, the Sierra Club defeated the Bureau of Reclamation hands down. But the victory at Dinosaur Monument was tempered by the Sierra Clubs offer of support for a dam downstream at Glen Canyon a higher dam, in fact, than one proposed earlier by the Bureau of Reclamation. Brower verbalise in favor of a high dam at Glen Canyon, a speech he came to regret until the very end. While his supporters urged him non to blame himself, he repeatedly reminded whoever would listen that he could have done more(prenominal) to stop it. He believed that the fact he dam existed was his fault. He felt that he was not adequately prepared for his own mission, and if he had been, the dam would not have been built.Brower referred to Glen Canyon as the place no one knew. Before the construction of the dam and the creation of Lake Powell, Glen Canyon was one of the remotest places in the United States. Few people ever set foot in the Canyon, and after the construction of the dam, no one else would ever see it. Brower viewed nature as a sacred place, a place that must be earned. He hated the idea of people ontogenesis wilderness areas. He felt that cities should have strict boundaries, and people should stay there. Brower and Dominy have conflicting views in this situation. Brower is disgusted by the development around Lake Powell and the desolation of the wilderness that is now beneath it. Lake Powell is a drag strip for power boats. Its for people who wont do things except the easy way. The magic of Glen Canyon isdead. It has been vulgarized. (240)Dominy, on the other hand, is proud that he has created such a beautiful lake and has made it accessible to the masses. Dominy is tired of trying to satisfy a noisy minority while trying to bring water, power, and recreation to the people. Im a greater conservationist that you are, by far. I do things. I make things available to man. Unregulated, the Colorado River wouldnt be price a good God damn to anybodyDo you want to keep this country the way it is for a handful of people? (240)Beside these arguments, there is also a more quantitative side to the debate. The ecological detriments of the Glen Canyon Dam have been well-documented. Extensive changes were brought about in the Colorado River ecosystem by the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam. Most of these alterations negatively affected the functioning of the system and the native aquatic species of the river. The reduced supply and transport of fix is the primary factor responsible for the degradation of the post-dam Glen Canyon ecosystem.When the dam was completed, and the flow of the Colorado River was stifled, depository traveling along with the river was blocked by the dam and began to build up in t he Lake Powell reservoir. Due to the sediment-free water flowing evenly out of the dam and the associated extreme drop in water temperature, many species of fish, amphibians, and insects which use sediments for habitats, spawning ground, and protection, have been put at great risk.Another problem arising from the dam is silt aggradation. Aggradation is the accumulation of sediment where the river flow slows as it approaches Lake Powell. Aggraded sediment deposits accumulate upstream, eventually piling up hundreds of feet above the current reservoir level. Huge sediment deposits have already filled some of the upper sections of the reservoir. Under current hydrological conditions, enough sediment flows into Lake Powell to potentially fill it up to the river outlet valve level deep down 100 years. When silt reaches these safety valves, the dam will become unsafe and need to be decommissioned. Since the completion of the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, enormous amounts of sediment have been steadily accumulating behind the dam.While the impacts of sedimentation werent understood prior to the construction of the dam, significant problems have emerged with the relentless buildup of sediment behind Glen Canyon Dam.Economically, on the other hand, the Glen Canyon Dam has provided many benefits since its 1963 completion. It has provided water supply and power for much of the southwestern United States, and parts of Mexico. The Glen Canyon Dam is part of the Colorado River Storage Project, implemented mainly to supply power to Native American reservations, Rural Electric Co-ops, government facilities, and municipalities. The Glen Canyon Dam supplies 75-85% of the power generation for this project. 85% of the dams water goes to irrigation projects.With the input of irrigation, the arid regions of these states have become fertile agricultural lands. Because of the high productivity of these areas, many customers in the United States are provided with fruits and vegetables year -round. Lake Powell has also provided many economic benefits. It is one of the most popular tourist sites in the southwest, bringing in about 4 million tourists and $2.5 million each year.The Glen Canyon Dam issue is a complicated one. Do the benefits of electricity and water outweigh the ecological detriments? Is there any other option besides building a dam to provide these utilities? It is difficult to find unbiased information weighing these issues fairly. In addition there are the more metaphysical, moral issues surrounding dams. Is it in effect(p) to impose ourselves upon nature is such a way? Are we really harming our future with short-sighted projects like the Glen Canyon Dam? The question is one of the true nature of progress and the advancement of civilization. Is the Earth meant to be subdued by man or to be preserved in a constant search for promised land? The ultimate goal, I suppose, is to find a way to make advance and enrich our lives without detriment to our envir onment.

The Images of Women in Film Essay Example for Free

The Images of Women in Film EssayThe two scenes organism evaluated in this essay are at once, Voyager and Pretty Woman. Both movies tackle the stories of cardinal lead source, a woman and her transformation from one type of personality usually the underdog into rough other which is more successful. This common formulaic spot of an ugly duckling evolving to become a beautiful swan has often been used as a storyboard for romantic films since viewing audience usually identify with the character who at first seems like the loser, but in the end becomes the victor. The image of Charlotte Vale at the beginning of the film is that of a typical centenarian maid in conservative turn, flat shoes, with come in make-up, with glasses, and with come forward any brotherly life. Her appearance is clean and neat but truly overmuch old school. From her entry at the sign blow up of the film, she is portrayed as shy, reserved, unhappy, overweight, unattractive and insecure. She is often ignored by everyone, and even mocked by some of her relatives. She withal hates her arrest so much but she is helpless and afraid and feels that she has nowhere to go.As the movie unfolds, Charlottes character is transformed into a more sophisticated, elegant, modern and glamourous personality, whom everyone adores and likes. Now, she has a well-coiffed hair, wears more revealing outfits, walks comfortably in high-heeled shoes, puts on make-up and smiles more frequently. She becomes cheerful, endearing, sweet and charming, and she loses her previous timidity and stiffness. With her transformation, Charlotte gains confidence in her self, and becomes more adequate of facing other heap, thus gaining more friends.When reprimanded by her mother for her new looks, she was no longer afraid to answer her anchor, which even she was surprised to learn. She already knows what accusation she wants to consent and the good thing is, she already knew how to get there. It is nonable that at first, a lot of people were surprised with Charlottes transformation but because the form was a positive one which suited Charlotte, the makeover was delightfully accepted by almost everyone but Charlottes mother. At first, Charlottes mother insisted that she should go back into her old clothes and drab image.However, since Charlotte stood her ground and never relented to her mothers dictates that is, after her therapy and cruise Charlottes mother gradually l bring in to accept what Charlotte liked, denoting that she earned the respect of the one person she despised the most. On the contrary, the image of Vivian as portrayed by Julia Roberts is that of a regular hooker or prostitute tasteless colors, thigh high boots, a lot of exposed flesh, heavy make-up, a wig, and chewing gum period talking.The first impression upon seeing her is that she is really part of the flesh trade because of her loud attire which is also sexy, seductive and attention-grabbing all at the same time. Vivians character tricknot afford to be shy because she has to maintain her wares to her clients, and she has to show some skin and have the ability to bargain with her clients so that she can arrive at a good price for her services. Her image is cold from conservative because of this films setting (1990) and the nature of her occupation.With Edwards help, Vivian later on becomes more learned as he exposes her to the more acceptable social mores of the upper classes of society. Vivian evolves to become a better character where she becomes chic, classy, refined and graceful a change which further endears her to Edward. The modification is also well-liked by the people almost her as Edward somehow manages to bring out more of Vivians natural beauty which further enhances her amiable character.From Edward, to the hotel manager, to the elevator boy, to the hotel staff every one of them was gladiola to see the way Vivian was revolutionized from a cheaply dressed hooker to a charming, elegant and respectable lady. She now wears hats, matching shoes and bags, well-coordinated outfits, matching color combinations and honest sufficient make-up. She also begins to converse more politely, and in a soft and calm manner. With the outward personality of Vivian getting altered, Vivian also acquires more confidence in herself and the way she mingles with people.It is also interesting to note that Vivian readily accepted the change initiated by Edward because the manner with which he approached her on the subject was very encouraging, being very gentle and soft-spoken. Towards the end of the story, the character of Vivian also decides to give up her previous job for a more decent alternative since she feels that she has become a contrasting person and that at this point, she cannot turn back.As regards the body parts focused on by these two films, in Now Voyager, the legs and hands of Charlotte were focused in the first part of the film when she was still being introduced into the sequence. The specific scenes showed her hands putting out a cigarette on a small magnetic disk then throwing away the butts in a garbage can, then carving on her ivory treasure boxes, and then later on, fidgeting as her condition was being relayed to the psychiatrist.Her legs and feet were also focused on in the same sequences as she went down the stairs, and then stops at the lowest step, then hesitates because she hears something unfavorable being say about her. The character of Charlotte were in some way depicted in these sequences because it brought to mind a confused and insecure character who tried to rebel by smoking cigarettes, escaping reality by carving, but is insecure and uncertain of her actions as shown by her fidgeting and unsure steps.Similarly, the body parts focused on in the film Pretty Woman in the introductory part of the film is 4 hands which look like they are playing a game. It turns out to be a magic trick using coins, and the camera is slowly panned up to the face of the woman on the rectify, who looks amazed at the man who performed the magic trick. The next scene showing body parts is again focused on the hands one white hand giving a packet with some white substance, presumably drugs, to the two hands of a black man.And then, the body part of Vivian that is first shown is the back look of her hips with lace underwear, where the woman turns from her left side to her right side while lying on a bed. Next, her chest is focused as she fixes her blouse, then her arms and hands as she puts on her bangles, while she is dressing up to get ready for work. Her hands are again shown while she colors the faded parts of her boots with a black marker, then her boots and her right hand as she zips up the boot on her left leg.Her left eye is focused with her right hand holding the mascara. By the time Vivian gets to accumulate Edward for the first time, focus is made on her backside at the waist portion as she turns he r back on Edward while standing outside the car. all(a) these body parts scenes in one way or another sets the tone for the movie since it tackles business as represented by the coins, drugs as link to the illegal businesses on Hollywood boulevard and the subject of sex as depicted by Vivians sensual attire in a nocturnal red-light district setting.The partial focusing on body parts gradually introduced the main character of Vivian, in much the same way that Charlotte was initiated into the first sequences of the in front film. Relating the aspects of characterization to each film, the width of the character of Charlotte had to be rich in order for her to be able to adopt Tina into her family and be able to cope with not having Jerry in her life. Charlotte also had to be strong like her mother to be able to manage their businesses and their household without any emotional crutch to support her or defend her up.As regards the depth of her character, Charlotte has the traits of cre ativity as shown in the way she creates carvings on her ivory boxes. She is also a deeply emotional person, who is terribly crazeate when it comes to love, although she knows how to muffle it if need be. This was highly evident during the time when she knew she already felt something for Jerry, but was in self-denial because she did not want to get into a complicated situation. This, however, was changed last when he admitted her feelings for Jerry, and allowed her feelings for him to flow freely.Another depth of character seen in Charlotte is her compassion for children, especially for those whom she knows are undergoing situations which she had already gone through. This Charlotte presents in the way which she cared for Tina at the intellectual institution, and during the time she gave a party for her at her house. Regarding characterization length, as mentioned prior, Charlotte is precondition the chance to reinvent herself as if she were a different individual. At first, s he is hesitant to break her comfort zone and feels insecure about the changes taking place in her life.However, as she notices the affirmative reception of people pertaining to her transformation, she is encouraged to continue with what she has set out to do. With this, she improves her personality and grows further as an individual. The films mise-en-scene contributed in large part to emphasizing the three aspects of characterization. The width of Charlottes character is shown in the clothes she wears. Charlottes clothes or the characters costumes are customary of the rich people, the settings are also typical of high class social backgrounds as shown by the large house, the cruise ship, the theater and parties among others.Depth of character is illustrated by the emotions carried by Bette Davis in her character portrayal, which made the story even more realistic. space of character is exhibited by the change in the way Charlotte carries herself which is amply supported by the c lothes and again by the acting prowess of the lead character. more or less foreshadowing is used to show the influences of Charlottes mom on her character. Since the film is still in black and white, emphasis on the touchwood was not much utilized in this type of movie.The background music was amply exploited to elicit empathy for the main character especially in highly dramatic scenes amidst Charlotte and her lover. Conversely, the width of Vivians character required for her to be poor so that she could efficaciously portray her desperation to earn a living. Vivian had to be street-smart yet charitable at the same time since it was her body that she had to sell. She also had to be alone or without a family, in order to develop a rationale for her characters focus on having an income as a hooker because she had no other choice and not because she liked the job.Likewise, Vivians depth of character is effectively portrayed as one who can easily psyche up people. In a brief encoun ter with Edwards friends, Vivian gets to assess the type of people Edward socializes with and comes out with the conclusion that Edward needed to have her in his life because they (his friends) were shallow. No wonder you came looking for me, Vivian deduces of the situation. Much like Charlotte, Vivian also had a lot of passion inside her for her love interest although much of it was also repressed at first.Later on, she manifests this and makes this known to Edward, but still she knew how to temper her emotions since she recognized from the start that she and Edward were really poles apart. And then with regards to character length, the journey taken by Vivian is her adaptation to the ways of the elite, as prescribed by her love interest in the film. Vivian initially decides to take this on as part of her work, but later on she imbibes the more wholesome character which she assumes, and eventually gives up on the old character that she was.Vivian grows as a person because she welco mes the change and becomes a renewed person since as the film ends, she decides to leave behind her previous profession and start making a new path for herself. The mise-en-scene in Pretty Woman was likewise extensively manipulated in the film. The change in the character is immediately apparent as Vivian becomes inclined to her new surroundings and much of the plot deals with how she gradually blends in to what is acceptable to that social group.The disparity in the setting of Hollywood boulevard compared to the areas where Edward frequents is accentuated to point out the gap between the two characters Vivian the hooker and Edward the rich billionaire. Much of the characters depth and length is carried by Julia Roberts who gives an excellent portrayal in this film. The lighting was good, there were no extremely dim or very bright scenes. It is interesting to note that most of the dim scenes were only found in the initial part when Vivian was still a hooker, and during the time sh e was still part of Hollywood boulevard.Later on, the dim scenes were mostly the love scenes between Edward and Vivian. The background music was also appropriate with the sentimental scenes having soft soothing and sentimental tunes, while those wherein Vivian made some achievements had more spirited and lively songs. In terms of aesthetics, the two films can be labeled as reflective of the image of the woman in the specified period when the films were made. Women in general had to dress up more conservatively in the olden times and a liberated stance was only introduced later on. As regards film artistry, Now Voyagerhas a deeper and more disturbing plot because it deals with issues like family relationships, possible mental illness and forbidden love among others. On the other hand, Pretty Womans plot is simpler but is more pleasing because it capitalizes on the elements of love and sex which was not much emphasized in the earlier film. Perhaps this is due to the highly conservat ive values predominant during the earlier times, hence, the most tender love scenes which could be shown between the main characters in the earlier film was limited to kissing.In comparing the two films, women are given more freedom of choice in the later film, unlike the earlier one when parents had the right to dictate the direction of their childrens lives. In both films, the composition of love still tugs at the heart and is timeless. Viewers in the present can identify with the main character in one way or another especially when it comes to the context of love and the relationship between two people.As a whole, the two films illustrate how the character of the woman has evolved from the conservative one of yesteryears to the smarter and more liberated woman that she is now. Still, the one thing that is universal and eternally holds true is the theme of love and the woman who has the boundless capability to wield this passion. References Wallis, H. B. Rapper, I. 1942. Now Voy ager. United States Warren Bros. Ziskin, L. Marshall, G. 1990. Pretty Woman. United States Touchstone Pictures.

Depictions of Dragons in Different Cultures

Depictions of potassium bitartrates in Different subtletysWith the integration of global economy and technology, multicultural situation is inevitable. Culture exchange in various countries has become extremely primal. Under its shadow, all civilization becomes significant factors in this inter discipline environment. Today, in the information-crash society, the cultural has not tho be seen as separated signs entirely seen as a cross-cultural communication behavior. For a long time, people are keen to argue around superiority and inferiority among Eastern and Western cultures. However, in fact, we lack sufficient recognition of essential aspects on cultural differences and clashes. We should see through the appearance to the fondness and take culture views to closely observe the tendency of global cultural development. H.L.Menken once said, Culture itself is neither education nor law making, it is an atmosphere and a heritage. Dragon culture, as a core culture reflects typic al differences. Different countries eat up contrastive cultural norms values, such differences lead to communication problems in Western thought, resulting in misunderstandings and conflicts. This article focuses on analyzing the Dragon Culture budded from two culture branches,and from a philosophical point of view to offline the ideology that reflects from two cultures.Dragon was adept of the totem worship images in remote ancient times when people the likes ofd using the images of creatures or plants which they held in awe as symbols of their tribes. Loong seems a combination of legion(p rose-cheekedicate) animals, such as snakes body, pigs head, deers horns, bulls ear, goats beard, hawks claws and fishs squama. One pick view said in remote times of clanship, the Huaxia Clan which symbolized by snake totem in the Yellow River drainage area, conque rose-cheeked other clans and then grew into a big clan union by integrating others together with their totems. The other novela ry dactyls like Nwa, Fuxi are show as having snake bodies. Some scholars report that the first legendary Emperor of China Huang Di (Yellow Emperor) used a snake for his coat of arms. Every time he conquered another tribe, he incorporated his defeated enemys emblem into his own (Li Rong, 1999, P14).The exact origin of the flying flying lizard in Chinese culture remains elusive, though its so iodinst depictions can be traced back to the totems made by various ancient Chinese tribes. And we, Chinese people often consider ourselves as the descendents of the loong. From that time, loong has been the most important totem in Chinese traditional culture. Ancient people admire loong has magic power. It could change the length of its body as it wishes it can either fly or swim and pull down bring rainfalls.1.2 The symbolization of loong in feudal periodWhen Chinese went into primeval society, loong had begun to be caved on the bronze containers, designed in jewelry, and embroidered on cl oth. Gradually, people who honored loong as almighty God, hoping that caving this special image on daily necessities can bless them well and bring them wide-cut fortune. People in ancient China often offered sacrifices to loong to celebrate favorable weather and good harvest. With the deification of loong, it was in stages monopolized by the imperial lineage, making these images embalmed the federal Chinese empires. Loong were a symbol of power, strength, success, luck and honor, and it was no surprise that they emerged as a representation of the imperial power of emperors. It was believed that loong was able to race across the sky with its noble power, and the emperors regarded themselves as exclusively entit lead to the cream of tartars attributes. Chinese empires thought they were real loong, so they addressed themselves as son of heaven, which meant they were chosen by the destiny to dominate the world. They held power everyplace peoples lives and property, and had staff in their hands. Emperor became the most honorable person on the earth. Also loong became the symbol of imperial power. Thus, the imperial clothes were known as flying flying dragon gowns and their thrones were dubbed dragon thrones. , the descendents of empires were titled as son or daughters of loong, the health of an emperor was called loong ti, the bed they sleep named loong bed. In the Zhou Dynasty the 5-clawed dragon was assigned to the son of heaven, the 4-clawed dragon to the Zhuhou (seigneur), and the 3-clawed dragon to the Daifu. Up to Qing Dynasty, the 5-clawed dragon was assigned to represent the Emperor while the 4-clawed and 3-clawed dragons were assigned to the commoners. In the Qing Dynasty, the country even preferred to embroider Loong as a symbol on national flags. Carvings of loong adorns on the steps leading to some(prenominal) ancient palaces and tombs, most notably, the Forbidden City in Beijing. And it is still taboo to discourtesy or disfigure any depiction of a loong in China.2 The origination of western dragon2.1 The development of western dragon in first timeAbout 11th century BC, the Hebrews made the concept of Seraphim, which was close to the concept of the dragon. Not only in Western allegoryology, religion, but in addition significance, the seraphim were the most consistent of loong in china. Seraphim was a constrictor in ancient Rabbinic which is the Seraphs plural. There is other saying it was followed with a suffix on the meaning of the flame or burning and so. In the early Rabbinic language, because no dragon word, so often used constrictor to represent dragon. However, religious portraits and sculptures of the Seraphim have become a pillowcase of person now which is translated into Seraphim (Blazing Angels) generally.The appearance of dragon is much later than the Seraphim, which is the object of Celtic worship, standing holy. The early middle ages, the Virgin caved ships like dragons to explore a new path on the Atlant ic Ocean, hoping dragons to bless themselves with endless power. While in Britain, the dragon is more commonly associated with Wales due to the national flag has a red dragon as its emblem and their national rugby union and rugby league teams are known as the dragons. This dragon may turn in Arthurian Legend where Myrddin, employed by Gwrtheyrn, had a vision of the red dragon (representing the Britons) and the white dragon (representing the invading Saxons) get bying beneath Dinas Emrys. The red dragon was linked with the Britons who are today represented by the Welsh and it is believed that the white dragon refers to the Saxons who invaded Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. This particular legend also features in the Mabinogion in the story of Llud and Llefelys. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraph)Specific reactions to alarm calls identifying several of predators have mately local cultural manifestations, maintaining to this day its shape and mature. Though we glimpse the drago n in the world of the ancient bandsmen-it does not spring into life from the murky depths of the primate brain until a particular point in cultural evolution-specially that point where a multiculturic-or loosely organized-polity moves toward centralization and ultimately statehood. (David E. Jones , 2001 ,P 107)The birth of Christianity made the fate of dragons an earth-shaking change that to some degree became synonymous to Satanas. Dragon is regarded as the symbol of d plague in the Christian which comes from Mesopotamia. In mythology Mesopotamia, the dragon is the horrible life of the ocean, the scourge of people, the fate to be destroyed by God. In Babylonian myth, the heros opponent Tiamato and Hittite myth Illuyankas, are all examples. Living in the Mesopotamia region nearby Jewish also affected, and inherited down such a concept. Dragon in Judaism and Christianity gradually became the symbol of the d sliminess.2.2. The image of dragon in western society in movies and novelsWe stern dragons arent necessarily evil, but they often are. At least, they tend to be greed, evil and solitary, which may represent the dark side of human temperaments. Quite different between Chinese Loong, the Western dragon is a huge, winged, green scaly skin, fire-breathing, and dinosaur-resembling creature. An alternative name for dragon is Wyrm, a word clearly related to worn, this name is more commonly used for serpentine, water dwelling dragons but can be used for any of them, Wyrms are to be especially common in Britain. In the traditional myths, fairy tales and legends, dragons live in caves, mountains, or virgin forests. They have vicious power to destroy buildings, cause catastrophe. They are the mindless monsters that know nothing but killing people, animals, and hoarding gold and silver, and treasure. All these images create an evil black reflection into the Western consciousness. Also, dragons can be found in many literatures and films, those quite significantly differ ent between Chinese loong. In gallant legend, the highest merit of a hero was to slay of a dragon. In the Beowulf, the national epic of the English people, Beowulf fights against a fire dragon with single-handed. At last, the dragon is killed, but Beowulf is hopelessly wounded too. Maybe, it is the first complete dragon appears on the paper of English literature.The Bible, Satan is a fallen angel who rebels God Jehovah. And Satan changes in to a image of a snake (dragon) to beguile Adam and Eva to eat the apple in the Eden. In the Bible story, Satan also is into a red dragon whose tail swept a 1 / 3 of the stars. it has seven heads, each head crowned, greedily devouring the new-born baby.The Learned Adventure of the Dragons Head in Lord Peter Views the Body (London Gollancz, 1928), in which a constitution refers to having seen hic dracones on an old map spotted by both Andrew S. Cook and Benjamin Darius Weiss. (Chales Gould ,1998, ,p126)Thus, the Western dragon from the miser dege nerated into the most evil, described as representatives of evil, cunning and cruel. With the Christianity spreading and European expansion, the Satans notoriety shadows dragon in Europe, even in the world.3. Comprehensive analysis on the clashes of loong and dragon3.1 Analysis from literature backgroundWith the development of science, people gradually get rid of ignorance, the West has finally recognized that dragons only exists in imagination, and not upkeep it. But dragons in western culture still become a derogatory terms. In Western literature, the dragon has become a vivid interpretation of the evil words. British writer Charles Dickens in his masterpiece Hard Times criticizes Mrs. Si Base is a evil dragon of keeper bank. In Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, when Juliet heard her cousin was killed by Romeo, she said sadlyah, flower face hides a wild snake heart Which dragon was perched once in this handsome heart? Nowadays, it could easily observe the trace of dragon in some k inds of legendary novels, like Harry Potter.3.2. Ex sheeration in well-disposed laboureding of loong and dragon.With a few centuries handout on, the Chinese loong has crystallized the unique culture profundity. Till now, Loong is still superior to any of the mythological in peoples mind. Loong, this word have been extensively used in our daily life. For example, Long tou qi ye, of course, we cant translate it word by word. In our China, this is an honor given by the local government to a sportsman along that achieves highest income through the commercial business. Here Loong means, leading the top, being first. So we can put it into the leading enterprise. In the eyes of our ancestors, loong ,since it is held sacred, of course, also contacted with the good fortune together. With good metaphor, the image of the dragon goes into all aspects of social life. Such as lobster, longan, lichee, asparagus, Longjing tea, the noodle of Long Xumian, etc. The name of the foods are plenty fr om their shapes, while others are favorable meanings. Another example is the Seasonal Eating Custom, from the early Yuan Dynasty, it has been recorded on Lunar February 2, loong flys up to heaven. To express the hope of the harvest, people in many places are prevalent of eating noodle this day. Noodles made this day is called noodle of Long Xu pancakes called Interfax, dumplings called fossil teech. (Ji Chenming, 1998, p58)And China has a lot of festivals about culture of Loong, such as dragon boat. Dragon boat racing which originates in China over 2000 years ago. For competiton events, dragon boats are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails every annual Duanwu Festival. In the Merriam-Webster Dictionary-dragon lady means an overbearing or tyrannical woman, also glamorous often cloak-and-dagger woman. However-the Collins Cobuild English language Dictionary explains that if you call a woman a dragon-you mean she is unpleasant and fierce. In the famous Chin ese TV play A Couple of Chivalrous Swordsmen and their Supernatural Eagles, there is a girl named little dragon maid. Maybe when the foreigners head dragon maid, the image appearing in their mind is ferocious instead of holy and pure.Whats more, the same characteristic of two kinds of dragons is that they have been interpreted as symbols of the power to control the character. They often are associated with weather, like rain, lighting, thunder. Meanwhile, people in China regard Loong as controllers of weather. Thus, in folk, they are honored as the king of Loong. Negatively, dragon in western, this greater power of character frequently carries a malign or destructive quality. When the character Loong appears in the words and expressions, we always refer it to the analogical meanings, which are formed by the profound civilization of China.Above, we have explained two dragon cultures by analyzing the origination, development, and connotation, differences. Culture is a rich multi-dimen sional extension, including value systems. Values are the essence spirit of national culture to decide the characteristics and style of culture. According to cite the difference of metaphors and symbolizations between Chinese loong and western dragon, we will explain the origin of Philosophy.4. Explore the West dragon philosophical roots of cultural differences4.1 The Chinese monism unity of Nature and man4.1.1 Living environment affect the Chinese valuesDifferent ways of mentation led to the different Dragon metaphor, which leds to cultural misunderstanding. China is monistic of unity on nature and man, while Western mains dualistic. At an atmosphere of living on plain of farming growth, Chinese people have always focused inward-looking on Heaven, internal intermediation of national character. 7 Chinese people believe that nature is a loop. Everything is an element in cycle of nature .Of course, people also belong to the natural world, rather than the relatively isolated unit elem ent. Therefore, people gift to nature, to maintain harmony. Cultural identity is stick to the local community, calm solid, plain thick, peace. Chinese culture believe that people and nature, spirit and matter, subject and object, which both into one with God, focusing on both the interdependence and unity. In the relationship between human and nature, Chinese advocate the harmony between human and nature.4.1.2. View of nature and the dragons supernatural forces in natureIn China, relationship and humans to nature is harmony with nature, as follows live according to the rhythms of nature everything has its own character be balanced. Chinese traditional medicine shows the cultural value of harmony with nature. Chinese people are deeply affected by the Confucian and the ideology in I Ching or Chouyi. They think that the more conducts a person makes in his life, the more meaning reflects. Therefore, people who has the largest semipolitical vision are affected by such a unitary value o f life, most people do not want to be the one who is interested in Natural Science, which were detain in the embryonic stage of scientific. Also, people have the wisdom to concentrate on political power, so that can create a real political culture super-solid model in a unique world. In this particular model, the Chinese will have a unique historical phenomenon. When the ancients could not fight against the natural or supernatural phenomena, they raise the imaginary loong for the ideal solution to be deified. At the stage of no loong exiting, snakes, crocodiles, lizards and other reptiles are related to water, and even some on the living in the water. People who live on the land t are all produced mystery on crocodiles submerging in water, water snakes swimming fast in the water, no feet but can be free movement of snakes. This the mystery became to awe, and the myth. Into the real dragon time, people mulish to give the loong their homes in the water. People have them lived in the water in order to let loong control water for the needs of agriculturing water. (Yang Rong Liu Zhixiong , 2002,P106)Therefore, the loong in Chinese legend would have exceeded the forces of nature. For example, loong could control clouds, rain, thunder, etc. Last loong gain the sanctity in peoples mind.4.2. The western dualism of Host-guestWestern knowingness of the environmental backgroundWestern culture is limit by the narrow scope on the island. In order to survive, for economic and cultural development, people often face an independent nature, fighting the sea, which develop the character of novelty, change, curiosity and hyperactivity and the view point of separation between heaven and nature. Western culture thinks that people and nature, spirit and matter, subject and object, where the uniform of God into two clear-cut lines, emphasizing the coexistence and the opposite binary. The mainstream of Western cultural values is dualism of Host-guest, the spirit of fighting for se lf-satisfaction.As if the destruction of the dragon cannot be too thorough for the human spirit-the dragon next appears to metamorphose into a palpably unreal character of fantasy. (David E. Jones , 1984, p237 )Western culture publicizes personality, emphasizes the protection of individual interests, focus on the potential of independent individuals and strengthens the awareness of individual rights. The famous Greek physicist Archimedes once said Give me a fulcrum and I can turn the entire universe. Vivid demonstration of this sentence reflects a mans spirit of bold exploration and transformation in the natural world.4.2.2 Dragon culture derived from the western valuesFrom old time to now, Westerners has a tendency to rub into two different worlds universe, the separation of man and nature, ever against. Westerners self-awareness on the original sin is to enable them to atonement and perseverance to conquer nature, and transform them to be divine power, to achieve One God. Western culture emphasizes the playing of individual potential, personal goals and pursuing personal interests. Individual-based consciousness is the deepest core of Western culture, with the highest value. Western culture of individualism makes a analogy to the rule of survival of the fittest. Individuals only make through their own efforts, and ability to explore their potential, to protect their interests, to choose a place in society. Individual character in Western culture is extremely important value. The development of individual potential, personal hobbies, interests and personal rights are often paramount. The Western make love of human life separated from nature can be found in the Bible story of creation. As masters of nature .humans are further to control it and exploit it in any way they choose to master the natural world. People need to study and explore it to figure out how it works, to figure out how a machine works before using it. Westerners prefer to show their power to control, transform, and dominate nature. Therefore, in the legend, the dragon changes into a wicked body, the contour of greedy, then brave knights fought for victory. All show that human stress the independence of the individuals awareness so they need some kind of evil forces to contrast out of peoples unlimited potential.Be crucial, unity of Nature and man and Host-guest the two different world view and values in the construction of Chinese and Western thinking way .And almost national character plays a decisive effect on the communication behavior.ConclusionCulture is a kind of social behavior, which is match with peoples customs and habits.With the intercultural communication, we should recognize the condition of our unique culture acquaint other cultures to avoid unnecessary culture clashes and misunderstanding as far as possible. Loong and dragon cultures are very important parts to nations. Each nations special culture gives owe special cultural connotation. Western dr agon and Chinese loong culture seemingly have differences, which exactly result in the obstacle of cross-cultural social intercourse. If there is no communication, there would be no culture. The two cultures reflect the national characteristics, not only including historical and cultural background of that race, but also the position in nature, containing competitive viewpoint to life styles and the ways of thinking. Therefore, to comprehend the different culture, we have to explain the origin of philosophy. We not only need to have culture exchanged-but also need to value culture in the cross-cultural social intercourse process. Only we set out to analyze cultural differences, we can hold the deep contact of culture effectively.

Ansoff Product Market Growth Matrix Marketing Essay

Ansoff Product Market Growth Matrix Marketing EssayA useful planning beam in respect of tradeplaces and harvests is the ground substance developed by Igor Ansoff (H Igor Ansoff, 1918-2002), who is regarded by some as the Father of Strategic Management. Fully titled the Ansoff Product-Market Growth Matrix, the implement was head start published in Harvard Business Review, 1957, in Ansoffs paper Strategies for Diversification.The Ansoff product- foodstuff matrix helps to understand and assess marketing or championship growth strategy. Any short letter, or surgical incision of a line of reasoning can choose which strategy to employ, or which mix of strategical options to use.This is a fundamentally simple and effective way of looking at strategic development options. alive productsnew productsexisting marketsmarket penetrationproduct developmentnew marketsmarket developmentdiversificationEach of these strategic options holds different opportunities and d consumesides for d ifferent organizations, so what is right for one bloodline wont necessarily be right for another. Think about what option offers the best electromotive force for your own business and market. Think about the strengths of your business and what type of growth strategy your strengths will enable some naturally. Generally bewargon of diversification this is, by its nature, un cognisen territory, and carries the tallest risk of failure.Here argon the Ansoff strategies in summaryMarket penetration Developing your sales of existing products to your existing market(s). This is fine if there is flowerpot of market share to be had at the expense of your competitors, or if the market is growing fast and largish enough for the growth you need. If you already live with large market share you need to consider whether investing for further growth in this area would produce diminishing returns from your development action. It could be that you will append the profit from this activity more(prenominal) by reducing costs than by actively seeking more market share. Strong market share suggests there are likely to be better returns from extending the range of products/services that you can offer to the market, as in the next option.Product development Developing or finding new products to take to your existing market(s). This is an attractive strategy if you have strong market share in a particular market. Such a strategy can be a suitable reason for acquiring another company or product/service capability provided it is relevant to your market and your distri thoion route. Developing new products does not mean that you have to do this yourself (which is normally very(prenominal) expensive and frequently results in simply re-inventing someone elses wheel) oft there are potential manufacturing partners out there who are looking for their own distribution partner with the sort of market presence that you already have. notwithstanding if you already have good market share across a wide range of products for your market, this option may be one that produces diminishing returns on your growth investment and activities, and instead you may do better to seek to develop new markets, as in the next strategic option.Market development Developing new markets for your existing products. New markets can besides mean new sub-sectors within your market it helps to stay reasonably close to the markets you go to sleep and which know you. Moving into completely different markets, even if the product/service fit looks good, holds risks because this will be unknown territory for you, and almost certainly will hold working through new distribution channel, routes or partners. If you have good market share and good product/service range then pitiable into associated markets or segments is likely to be an attractive strategy.Diversification taking new products into new markets. This is extravagantly risk not only do you not know the products, but neither do you know the new market(s), and again this strategic option is likely to entail working through new distribution channels and routes to market. This sort of activity should generally be regarded as additional and supplementary to the core business activity, and should be rolled out carefully through blotto testing and piloting.Consider also your existing products and services themselves in terms of their market development opportunity and profit potential. Some will offer very high margins because they are relatively new, or specialised in some way, perhaps because of special distribution arrangements. Other products and services may be more mature, with little or no competitive advantage, in which case they will produce lower margins. The Boston Matrix is a useful way to understand and assess your different existing product and service opportunitiesboston matrix modelproduct/service develeopmentThe Boston Matrix model is a tool for assessing existing and development products in terms of their market potential, and thereby implying strategic action for products and services in each category.low market sharehigh market sharegrowing marketproblem child(rising) starmature marketdog cash in cowCash cow The quite a crude metaphor is based on the idea of milking the returns from previous investments which established good distribution and market share for the product. Products in this quadrant need livelihood and protection activity, together with good cost management, not growth effort, because there is little or no additional growth available.Dog This is any product or service of yours which has low market presence in a mature or stagnant market. There is no point in growth products or services in this quadrant. Many organizations discontinue products/services that they consider fall into this category, in which case consider potential impact on knock cost recovery. Businesses that have been starved or denied development find themselves with a high or enti re proportion of their products or services in this quadrant, which is plainly not very funny at all, except to the competitors.Problem child These are products which have a big and growing market potential, but existing low market share, normally because they are new products, or the application has not been spotted and acted upon yet. New business development andproject management principlesare required here to ensure that these products potential can be realised and disasters avoided. This is likely to be an area of business that is quite competitive, where the pioneers take the risks in the entrust of securing good early distribution arrangements, image, reputation and market share. Gross profit margins are likely to be high, but overheads, in the form of costs of research, development, advertising, market education, and low economies of scale, are normally high, and can cause initial business development in this area to be loss-making until the product moves into the rising s tar category, which is by no means assured many problem children products remain as such.rising star Or star products, are those which have good market share in a strong and growing market. As a product moves into this category it is commonly known as a rising star. When a market is strong and still growing, competition is not yet fully established. Demand is strong saturation or over-supply do not exists, and so determine is relatively unhindered. This all means that these products produce very good returns and profitability. The market is receptive and educated, which optimises selling efficiencies and margins. Production and manufacturing overheads are established and costs minimised due to high volumes and good economies of scale. These are great products and worthy of continuing investment provided good growth potential continues to exist. When it does not these products are likely to move down to cash cow status, and the company needs to have the next rising stars developin g from its problem children.After considering your business in terms of the Ansoff matrix and Boston matrix (which are thinking aids as much as anything else, not a magic solution in themselves), on a more detailed level, and for many businesses just as significant as the Ansoff-type-options, what is the significance of your major accounts do they offer better opportunity for growth and development than your ordinary business? Do you have a high quality, specialised offering that delivers better business benefit on a large scale as contend to small scale? Are your selling costs and investment similar for large and small contracts? If so you might do better concentrating on developing large major accounts business, rather than taking a sophisticated product or service solution to smaller companies which do not appreciate or require it, and cost you just as much to sell to as a large organization.Customer Matrix-This client matrix model is employ by many companies to understand an d determine strategies according to customer types.good productsnot so good productsgood customersdevelop and find more customers like these allocate your best resources to these existing customers and to potential customers matching this profileeducate and convert these customers to good products if beneficial to them, failing which, maintain customers via account managementnot so good customersinvest cautiously to develop and improve relationship, failing which, maintain customers via account managementassess feasibility of moving these customers left or up, failing which, withdraw from supplying sensitivelyAssessing product type is helped by reference to the Boston matrix model. There is a lot of flexibility as to what constitutes good and not so good customers use your own criteria. A good way to do this is to devise your own grading system utilise criteria that mean something to your own situation. Typical criteria are size, location, relationship, credit-rating and payment terms, is the customer growing (or not), the security of the supply contract, the service and support overhead required, and so on This kind of customer profiling tool and exercise is often overlooked, but it is a critical aspect of marketing and sales development, and of optimising sales effectiveness and business development operation and profitability. Each quadrant requires a different sales approach. The type of customer also implies the type of sales person who should be responsible for managing the relationship. A true view needs to be taken before committing expensive field-based sales resources to not so good customers. Focus prospect development (identifying and contacting new prospective customers) on the profile which appears in the top left quadrant. Identify prospective new customers who fit this profile, and allocate your business development resources (people and advertising) to this audience.Consider also What are your competitor weaknesses in terms of sectors, geographical territory and products or services, and how might these factors affect your options? Use for assessing each competitor as well as your own organization or department.Many organizations issue a marketing budget from the top down (a budget issued by the Centre/HQ/Finance Director), so to speak, in which case, what is your marketing budget and how can you use it to produce the best return on investment, and to help the company best to meet its overall business aims? Use the models described here to assess your best likely returns on marketing investment.The best way to begin to model and plan your marketing is to have a record of your historical (say last years) sales results (including selling and advertising costs if appropriate and available) on a spreadsheet.The level of detail is up to you new-fangled spreadsheets can organize massive amounts of information and make very complex analysis quick easy. Data is vital and will enable you to do most of the analysis you ne ed for marketing planning. In simple terms you can use last years results as a basis for planning and mold the next years sales, and the marketing expenditure and activities required to achieve them.Simple business plan or sales plan tools examples-These templates examples help the planning process. disordered and analyse your business or sales according to your main products/services (or revenue streams) according to the profit drivers or levers (variables that you can change which affect profit), eg., beat or volume, medium sales value or price, % arrant(a) margin or profit. Add different columns which reflect your own business profit drivers or levers, and to provide the most relevant measures.quantity score sales valueaverage value% crude(a) margintotal sales or gross marginproduct 1product 2product 3product 4totalsDo the same for each important aspect of your business, for example, fail by market sector (or segment)quantitytotal sales valueaverage value% gross margintotal sales or gross marginsector 1sector 2sector 3sector 4totalsAnd, for example, split by distributor (or route to market)quantitytotal sales valueaverage value% gross margintotal sales or gross margindistributor 1distributor 2distributor 3distributor 4totalsThese simple split analysis tools are an extremely effective way to plan your sales and business. Construct a working spreadsheet so that the bottom-right cell shows the total sales or gross margin, or profit, whatever you need to measure, and by changing the figures within the split (altering the mix, average prices, quantities, etc) you can carry out what if? analysis to develop the best plans.If you are a competent working with spreadsheets it is normally possible to assemble all of this data onto a single spreadsheet and then show different analyses by sorting and graphing according to different fields.When you are happy with the overall totals for the year, convert this into a phased monthly plan, with as many lines and column s as you need and are appropriate for the business. Develop this spreadsheet by showing inputs as well as sales outputs the quantifiable activity (for example, the numbers of enquiries necessary to produce the planned sales levels) required to produce the planned performance. Large businesses need extensive and multiple page spreadsheets. A business plan needs costs as well as sales, and will show profit as well as revenue and gross margin, but the principle is the same plan the detailed numbers and values of what the business performance will be, and what inputs are required for incorporating these factors and financials into a more formal phased business trading plan, which also serves as a business forecasting and reporting tool too. Adapt it to suit your purposes. This plan example is also available as a PDF, see The numbers could be anything ten times less, ten times more, a hundred times more the principle is the same.Consider also indirect activities that affect sales and b usiness levels, such as customer service. Identify key performance indicators here too, such as customer complaints solution and resolution levels and timescales. Internal lead referral schemes, strategic partnership activity the performance of other direct sales activities such as sales agencies, distributorships, export activities, licensing, etc. These performance factors wont normally appear on a business plan spreadsheet, but a separate plan should be made for them, other they wont happen.

The Design of Molecular Magnets

The Design of Molecular MagnetsAshlea Hughes1. PolyoxometalatesPolyoxometalates (pommys) atomic number 18 clusters consisting of linked metal oxide polyhedral. They are commonly anionic, although some cationic species nonplus been reported.1 Due to this charge, counter ions are often associated with poms. The metal ions which form the pommys often belong to group 5 or group 6 in the bimestrial table and give a noble oxidation state causing an electron configuration of either d0 or d1. The nuclearity of POMs differs spaciously from single monomeric species to high nuclearity (i.e. over 100 metal ions) species. The three major flesh metals that form POMs are vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten.1.1 StructuresThe building blocks of polyoxometalates often correspond to tetrahedral, tetragonal pyramids, and octahedra, sharing corners and edges which results in a variety of caged, ribboned, wheel or basket like structures e.g. P6Mo18O7311-.2 It is this variety in potential structur es of POMs that causes a number of complex molecular spin arrays to be available. general anatomy 1 Five Baker-Figgis isomers adapted from Zhou et al. 3The keggin structure, named after J. J. Keggin who determined its structure, is a very common structure set up in POMs.4 It consists of a key tetrahedrally coordinated atom, caged by 12 octahedrally coordinated atoms. Five rotational isomers, known as Baker-Figgis isomers, of the keggin structure exist, and are shown in Figure 1, as do injury structures known as lacunary structures.3 Due to the con make-up of these structures they befuddle high stability and so aid in the exchange coupling amid other keggin molecules. The POMs comprising of the variation metal, tungsten, all favour this structure and superr tungsten POMs can be considered to be made up of keggin subunits. The Dawson structure and Anderson structure are similar structures that have also been reported many times within literature.The wheel structure is yet again another commonly found structure and is desired for POM formation. The cavity/cavities the wheel contains are accessible and allow the coordination of other clusters, and form chains in a step by step growth, forming very grown POMs.1.2 Traditional synthetic thinkingPOM based clusters are traditionally made via a one-pot synthesis. The aggregation and condensation of the reagents is controlled via experimental variables.5 These variables can include concentration, pH, temperature, ligand effects, counter ions and several(a) other experimental variables. The synthesis normally begins with the acidification of the metal salt, sequentially followed by condensation of the molecules forming a variety of architectural structures.1.3 UsesPolyoxometalates possess a wide variety of properties. Their diversity kernel that they are used for many applications. They are used as catalysts in a range of organic reactions. The acidity and solubility of POMs vex them ideal candidates to use as homogeneous catalysts, as well as their redox abilities. They have many uses in biological frames, in particular the POM ferritin, which is the protein responsible for iron storage and is a cofactor in the photosynthesis process within plants. This property in particular has inspired research into many energy and light-sensitive related devices using POMs. In addition there is also research organism done into medicinal applications as potential uses in antiretroviral drugs for diseases such as AIDS. 6 Aside from all these applications, and many others, certain POMs also bear magnetized properties that I shall discuss herein.52. MagnetismMagnetic properties arise from the spin and orbital angular momentum of unpaired electrons. Paramagnetism is a property of compounds which contain unpaired electrons. These compounds have a relative permeability greater than one and consequently draw charismatic fields. When a field is utilise the spins of electrons start to align parallel to ea ch other. The magnetisation of paramagnetic materials is directly proportional to the magnetic field that is applied this, even so, does vary with temperature. This relationship between temperature and magnetization is described by Curies Law Where M is the resulting magnetisation, B is the applied magnetic field, T is the temperature and C is the Curie uniform which is specific for each individual material.Figure 2 Hysteresis Curve 7Hysteresis is a property of paramagnetic materials. If a magnetic material is magnetised in regard to a direction and the material does not relax back to zero magnetisation then the material is exhibiting hysteresis. If an alternating field is applied a hysteresis loop is formed as shown in Figure 2. Bulk magnets exhibit hysteresis, as do some polyoxometalates.8 This provides many advances into information storage as exhibiting hysteresis means the material has magnetic bistability, meaning the material can present two inactive phases and can change between the two with response to an external stimulus, a vital property for memory elements.2.1 Magnetic POMsPOMs commonly contain transition metal centres, some of which are paramagnetic with respect to their spin states. The paramagnetic transition metal centres therefore correspond to the d1 electron configuration mentioned above, e.g. polyoxovanadates (IV). When the paramagnetic metal ions are brought together they interact and can give rise to a wide variety of magnetic properties. The magnetic interaction between the ions is defined by the Heisenburg Hamiltonian. These POMs which possess magnetic properties are known as single molecule magnets. Polyoxovanadates are the most common magnetic POM. VIV15As6O42(H2O)6- is a comparatively large oxovanadium (IV) POM whose magnetic properties have been widely investigated.72.2 Quantum or classical behaviour?POMs are relatively large, organically bridged, molecular magnets, and are thought to potentially be the bridge between the quan tum properties of the smallest atoms and the classical properties possessed by larger magnets that we know in our day-by-day lives. Events in classical physics are either allowed or forbidden in contrast to the events in quantum physics which all have a mingled probability of occurring. It has been thought that the mesoscopic size of the POMs would cause the classical properties seen in bulk magnets to also be observed in these intermediate sized magnets. Some magnetic POMs are thought to behave quasi-classically as they can exhibit some(prenominal) quantum as well as classical magnetic properties.8 This 15 vanadium centred POM was however, found not to behave in a classical way. Though, it has been reported that the quantum/classical behaviour is not just based on the size of the magnet, save also the individual spins of the metal ions. If the individual ions within the POM have a small spin (S= 1/2) then quantum models approximate properties of the material the best, however w hen reaching relatively high spins similar results to the quantum models are shown by using classical models. This has been confirmed in small clusters which contain larger spins.7 It is interesting that smaller clusters with higher spins possess more classical magnetic properties, opposed to larger clusters which possess small spin ions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a proficiency used to study materials with unpaired electrons, i.e. paramagnets. Line widths present in EPR spectra can dictate whether a material is expressing quantum or classical behaviour. 92.3 Spin lickingFigure 3. Spin fustrastion within VIV15As6O42(H2O)6- 7To achieve a large spin ground state is a difficult challenge for scientists. However, spin licking effects can lead to isolated systems that contain this property. The layered structure of VIV15As6O42(H2O)6- comprising of three layers, with the central layer only having three interacting centres, then the spin cannot be resolved by Hunds rule an d is said to be frustrated, as shown in Figure 3.Much research has been done into the use of large POMs as magnets, however with current technology allowing the miniaturisation of most devices, the question posed is who can make the smallest POM in which both quantum and classical effects coexist? For this to be answered the synthesis of POMs needs to be carefully controlled and fine-tuned.2.4 Mixed valence clustersThe magnetic properties of mixed valence clusters are often more difficult to give collect to their electrons which are delocalised over the structure as opposed to the simpler localised valence species, described above. The mixed valence cluster Mn12O12(O2CCH3)16(H2O)4.2CH3COOH.4H2O, comprising of Mn4IV and Mn8III has been found to exhibit both quantum and classical properties. It has been established that this cluster behaves like a small bulk magnet when subjected to low temperatures.2.5 Single molecule magnetsSingle molecule magnets (SMMs) are usually based on first row transition metals. They require a high spin ground state along with a negative uniaxial anisotropy. A relatively high blocking temperature (the temperature at which relaxation of magnetisation is slow) is also desirable.9 Flexibility in the structure of SMMs provides difficulties in the regulation of intermolecular exchange coupling, however, due to their rigid conformation, POMs have an environment which is ideal for magnetic structures. To produce SMMs the intermolecular magnetic interactions between molecules must be negligible.2.6 POMs as ligandsAlthough POMs themselves can have magnetic properties, due to their variety of kinds if they possess defects, as in the lacunary structure, and the cavities the wheel structure often has, they can also be used as multidentate ligands.10 They can cohere to paramagnetic coordination clusters, causing encapsulation of small clusters of magnetic ions.11 By doing this the POM ligand effectively dilutes the smaller, encapsulated molecul e and therefore reduces the dipolar interactions that are undesirable for SMMs. The magnetic molecule encapsulated could possess both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic properties however, which property is expressed could potentially be determined by the POM surrounding it. The wheel structure, due to the nature of its shape also possesses a cavity, which could also be used to bind smaller clusters, increasing the distance between the magnetic molecules and in doing so reducing the interactions between them. 123. Designing POMsThe design of molecular clusters with magnetic properties, or as ligands for small clusters, that possess magnetic properties is challenging. The traditional one-pot synthesis controlled by numerous variables does not give the desired purity of species or the fine tuning abilities require to design SMMs. The degree of functionality required for these systems relies upon directed assembly of the building blocks into disciplined architectures.133.1 Solvotherm al and ionothermal synthesisSolvothermal synthesis reduces the limitations of the experimental variable of temperature used in the regular synthesis. Water and common organic solvents used in the regular synthesis limit the temperature the system can reach however, autoclaves used in the solvothermal process reduce this limitation and create the opportunity for higher temperatures and pressures of the reaction mixture. Reproducibility of these reactions is very difficult as it requires tight control of experimental conditions. Ionothermal synthesis adapts this solvothermal synthesis by using an ionic liquid as a solvent. These ionic liquids influence the assembly of the POMs by functioning as templates and can potentially create selective architectures.143.2 Linking clustersLacunary structures have been used as precursor molecules with other metal ions as linkers to produce high nuclearity POMs.11,15 This is often known as the building block strategy.16 It opens up opportunities to expand the POM size beyond what has currently been synthesised. However, difficulties have been found due to the architecture of the potential building blocks rearranging and reorganizing due to not being stable enough in solution. Due to the stability of tungsten POMs this methodology is widely used within tungsten chemistry however, these limitations cause problems for other complexes such as molybdenum. Stabilising the initial building blocks is currently a task being researched widely by several research groups.11,163.3 Counter ion effectAs previously mentioned, POMs are charged species, generally anionic, and so must possess a counter ion. Anionic POMs possess cationic counter ions and vice versa. The properties of the counter ion i.e. size, charge etc, can affect the reactivity of the POM. The larger the counter ions, the more stable the POM is against aggregation. Amines are a common example of bulky counter ions which provide this stability. Organic amines have also been fo und to be capable of tell the self-assembly of small building blocks, enabling the creation of the desired structure.173.4 Top downA novel top down synthesis has been reported.18 Opposed to all previously mention syntheses this is a truly unique and novel idea. It suggests the idea of a pH controlled decomposition of a very large POM into smaller fragments. The large POM P4W52O17824- , has confirmed this approach to be successful with the controlled fragmentation of P3W39O13419-, the scheme is shown in Figure 4.5 Not only could this technique potentially enable the formation of new architectures, but it could also help to identify the building blocks that made the POM in the first place, revealing new insights into the appliance of formation.4. ConclusionPolyoxometalates are a very versatile class of compounds. Their potential has been subdued in the past due to a lack of understanding and the traditional one-pot synthesis. With the discovery of the immenseness of POMs in their v arious applications, and in particular as molecular magnets, there have been many developments within the past decade with regard to their careful and controlled synthesis. However, the mechanism of formation of POMs is still not fully understood. The controlled design of the structure and function of POMs is still being investigated and there is little doubt it will lead to the engineered functionality required for many capabilities POMs are already showing to have.The debate between quantum and classical mechanics has been going on for centuries. Quantum properties describe those with discrete levels, whereas classical properties have a continuous scale. The idea that POMs can be used as a stepping stone between the quantum and classical magnetic behaviour has started to unite both the theories and has started collaborative research between both physicists and chemists. This breakthrough enables the development and use of POMs in quantum computing and miniaturisation of devices, p aving the way for new and exciting technologies.5. Reference controversyG. Johansson, Acta Chem. Scand., 1960, 14, 771-773.W. G. Klemperer, T. A. Marquart, and O. M. Yaghi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1992, 31, 49-51.B. Zhou, B. L. Sherriff, F. Taulelle, and G. Wu, Can. Mineral., 2003, 41, 891-903.J. F. Keggin, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 1934, 144, 75-100.H. N. Miras, J. Yan, D. L. Long, and L. Cronin, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 7403-7430.W. Rozenbaum, D. Dormont, B. Spire, E. Vilmer, M. Gentilini, C. Griscelli, L. Montagnier, F. Barre-Sinoussi, and J. C. Chermann, Lancet, 1985, 1, 450-451.M. T. Pope, A. Muller, and Editors., Polyoxometalates From Platonic Solids to Anti-Retroviral Activity. Kluwer, 1994, 411.D. Gatteschi, A. Caneschi, L. Pardi, and R. Sessoli, Science, 1994, 265, 1054-1058.E. C. Yang, C. Kirman, J. Lawrence, L. N. Zakharov, A. L. Rheingold, S. Hill, and D. N. Hendrickson, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 3827-3836.J. Liu, J. Guo, B. Zhao, G. Xu, and M. Li, Transition Met. Ch em., 1993, 18, 205-208.H. Abbas, A. L. Pickering, D. L. Long, P. Kogerler, and L. Cronin, Chem. Eur. J., 2005, 11, 1071-1078.J. Lehmann, A. Gaita-Arino, E. Coronado, and D. Loss, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2007, 2, 312-317.A. Muller, F. Peters, M. T. Pope, and D. Gatteschi, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 239-271.A. S. Pakhomova and S. V. Krivovichev, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2010, 13, 1463-1465.D. L. Long, H. Abbas, P. Kogerler, and L. Cronin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 13880-13881.J. M. Cameron, J. Gao, L. Vil-Nadal, D. L. Long, and L. Cronin, Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 2155-2157.Y. Jun, L. De-Liang, N. M. Haralampos, and L. Cronin, Inorg. Chem., 2010, 49, 1819-1825.C. P. Pradeep, D. L. Long, C. Streb, and L. Cronin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 14946-14947.

Marketing Plan for Internet Cafes In India Essay -- Business Managemen

Marketing Plan for Internet Cafes In IndiaExecutive Summary The goal of this market plan is to outline the strategies, tactics, and programs that go away make the sales goals outlined in this Internet Cafe business plan a reality in the course of instruction 2003 in few states in India. This plan is for Indian Markets only.Internet Cafe, unlike a typical cafe, provides a unique forum for communication and entertainment by means of the medium of the Internet. Internet Cafe is the answer to an increasing demand. The public wants (1) access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the Internet, and (2) a place to socialise and sh ar these experiences with friends and colleagues.Marketing will play a vital role in the success of Internet Cafe. Internet Cafe must build a patsy around the services it offers by heavily promoting itself through local television, radio, and print advertising. Marketing efforts are effective beginning by the time a pot ential customer enters Internet Cafe for the first time. A strong emphasis will be put on keeping customers and building brand loyalty through programs focused on staffing, experience, and customer satisfaction.Target markets includeStudents from nearby housing centers. Business people from the downtown business centers and professional buildings. Seniors from nearby retirement facilities.Family members People who have relatives abroad. This group is very large in few states in India especially states like Kerala where minimum one member from individually family living abroad.Situation Analysis Internet Cafe opened its doors for business a little over a year ago. Business is good, and customers have been affect with our offerings, but we need to focus our efforts on implementing the strategies, programs, and tactics outlined in the original business plan.Differentiating ourselves from other more traditional cafes has given us the great power to effectively compete on the beverage and pastry spot of the business with the already entrenched competition. Sales are brisk and in-line with projections.The Internet services side of the business is rapidly being accepted by the local community. Memberships are meeting the projections outlined in the business plan, and sales of Internet services are meeting the goals forecast. Students love to gather for late... ...ove the allocated 20%. Well be able to hire the marketing manager earlier, and well be able to provide more equipment and possibly rack up an additional location.Revenues miss projections - We have to be prepared for this possibility. If we miss our projections, we simply have to re-double our marketing efforts. The danger in this scenario is that the first reaction to missed projections is to decrement spending, particularly marketing expenses. We cant do that We have to get our message out to the target market, and we cant do that if we stop spending on marketing. Additional capital infusions may b ecome necessary and that possibility is detailed in the business plan.Internet side of business plays a lesser role - Our customers might not be willing to pay for Internet access or Internet Cafe memberships as Internet access costs and hardware costs continue to fall. If this scenario materializes, we will need to move our focus to beverages and pastry items, perhaps even providing deli-style lunches. Internet services in the scenario would still play an important role in attracting customers wed just have to charge less and move our numbers around to accommodate this trend.

The Age of Computers :: Essays Papers

The Age of ComputersBelieve it or not, but the age of data processors is upon us. I believe Computers are not only here to stay, but in my flavour computers are the wave of the future. Only a device like the computer can change the way we work, live, and think. I see computers taking us places where no man has gone before. Twenty years ago people were just not up to date with computers back then. I mean if you ask somebody about a computer, they probably would say something like, what in the world our you talking about, or what the hell is a computer. Today just about anybody you ask, can promise you something about a computer. Papia Bhattacharyya , says Technology has bounded onto the center stage in the last few years(59). The earliest existence of the modern day computers ancestor is the abacus. The abacus dates back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding beads which are strung on wires. The next step in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal inv ented the first digital calculating machine, which was designed to help Pascals father who was a tax collector. Now we look at Charles Babbage, who umteen say is the father of computers. Charles Babbage was a professor of mathematics. In the 1800s Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. This machine was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Charles Babbage was so ahead of his time, that the machines that were used back then were not even precise enough to make the parts for his computer. Gulliver, states The first major use for a computer in the US was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human disturbance (Gulliver 82). In the 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established that Howard Hathaway Aiken, together with engineers at IBM, came up with the automatic computer c alled Mark I. The Mark I ran by using prepunched paper tape. The Mark I was slow, and required 3 to 5 seconds to perform multiplication.