Brief of Methodology Techniques

All research methodology is made up of a combination of qualitative and quantitative constructs. The idea of the qualitative quantitative research continuum, as opposed to a dichotomy, is explored on scientific grounds. What are known as qualitative methods are often beginning points, foundational strategies, which often are followed by quantitative methodologies. Qualitative Research.The qualitative, naturalistic approach is used while observing and interpreting reality with the aim of developing a theory that will explicate what was experienced. In their Handbook of Qualitative Research, Denzin and Lincoln (1994) acknowledge that â€Å"Qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.Qualitative research involves the studied use and col lection of a variety of empirical materials–case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactions, and visual texts –the described routine and problematic moments and meanings in individuals' lives†. (p. 2) Qualitative data are defined by Patton ( 1990) as â€Å"detailed descriptions of situations, events, people, interactions, observed behaviors, direct quotations from people about their experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and thoughts and excerpts or entire passages from documents, correspondence, records, and case histories† (p.22 ). Techniques of qualitative research are Interviews, Observation, Case study, and Action research. Interviews Qualitative interviews have been responsive to the potentially invasive impact of researchers on the research process as the researcher is the primary research instrument. Observation Observation as a design feature is to attain depth of meaning from the data (i. e . , what seems salient in the setting). The researcher focuses in detail on the most pertinent factors in an ethnographic study. Case study The case-study method is one more design approach under the qualitative rubric.Case studies can be single-subject designs or based on a single program, unit, or school. Merriam (1988) describes that case-study research, begins with translating the research question into more specific and researchable problems, followed by techniques and examples of how to collect, organize, and report case-study data. Action Research Action research is used here to refer to ways of exploring professional experience which link practice and the analysis of practice into a single productive and constantly developing sequence, and which link researchers and research participants into a single community of involved colleagues.Winter (1996) explains that â€Å"action research is seen as a way of investigating professional experience which links practice and the analy sis of practice into a single, continuously developing sequence† (p. 13). Quantitative approach The quantitative approach is used while one begins with a theory (or hypothesis) and tests for confirmation or disconfirmation of that hypothesis. Quantitative research is often referred to as hypothesis-testing research (Kerlinger, 1964). Typical of this custom is the following common pattern of research operations in investigating, for instance, the effects of a treatment or an intervention.Techniques of quantitative research are Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaires, Sampling, and Triangulation. Surveys Data are collected, typically either by interview or by questionnaire, on a group of variables. The objective then is to observe patterns of relationship between the variables. Unlike experimental research, the researcher does not intercede in the organization and observe the effects of the intervention. Information is collected on a number of variables, and the amount to which they are causally linked has to be inferred.Interviews Quantitative researchers pretest their instruments to reassure the quality of their data. They ransack other researchers' scales and theories to inform their theoretical understanding of the fundamental factors that may be present. They do long interviews and focus groups to try to get into the points of view of those living through the situations they are analyzing. Questionnaires These are collections of questions that the respondent completes on his or her own. Sampling The sample of subjects is drawn to replicate the population.After the pretest measures are taken, the treatment conducted, and posttest measures taken, a statistical analysis divulges findings about the treatment's effects. To support repeatability of the findings, one experiment typically is conducted and statistical techniques are used to establish the probability of the same differences occurring over and over again. Triangulation Triangulation might be looked at as a dependability check–but not always. It is possible that one source of data could be much more significant than other sources in understanding a particular phenomenon.Generally, though, the more sources one looks at the more expected one is to have a complete perception of the phenomenon. Sampling Techniques: Random or Probability Non-random or Non-probability Random or Probability techniques are Simple random sampling, Systematic random sampling, and Stratified random sampling. Simple random sampling In simple random sampling, all subject within the sampling frame has an equal chance of being selected. This equal chance is consummate through a total randomness of selection.Systematic random sampling In systematic sampling, instead of drawing sample subjects randomly from the sampling frame, systematic sampling draws subjects at different intervals along the list of subjects in the sampling frame. Stratified random sampling An approach that increases the probability of obtaining a representative sample yet avoids missing an significant subgroup is to draw a stratified sample. With stratified sampling, the sampling frame is first separated into subgroups based on a variable that is considered important.Non-random or Non-probability is Cluster sampling, Quota sampling, Purposive sampling. Cluster sampling In cluster sampling, instead of individual subjects, logically occurring clusters, or groups, of subjects are used as the essential units of sampling. Purposive sampling With purposive sampling (also known as judgmental sampling), subjects are selected based on the researcher's knowledge of the population and on the nature of the research. The researcher uses subjects as the sample who are judged as â€Å"typical† or â€Å"representative† of the population of interest. Quota samplingThis type of non probability sampling is quota sampling. Quota sampling contains features of both stratified sampling and purposive sampling. In quota sa mpling, variables that are indomitable to be significant to the research question are identified. These variables are usually demographic variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, and urban versus rural residency. Conclusion The qualitative-quantitative research methodology is supported scientifically by its self-correcting feedback loops. In each and every research study, the continuum operates.When one conceptualizes research this way and uses the integral feedback mechanism, positive things happen that are less probable to occur in a strictly qualitative or a strictly quantitative study. Work Cited Merriam S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Stake R. E. (1981). â€Å"Case study methodology: An epistemological advocacy†. In W. W. Welch (Ed. ), Case study methodology in educational evaluation: Proceedings of the 1981 Minnesota Evaluation Conference (pp. 31-40).Minneapolis: Minnesota Researc h and Evaluation Center. Denzin N. K. , & Lincoln Y. S. (Eds. ). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Patton M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed. ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Kerlinger F. (1964). Foundations of behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Winter, R. (1996). Some principles and procedures for the conduct of action research. In Zuber-Skerritt, O. (Ed. ) Action research for change and development. Aldershot: Gower-Avebury.

Organic Foods Are They Really Better for Us? Essay

Consumer food awareness is growing and with it the need of going back to basics. To fulfil needs of these people, hotel restaurants as well as other food outlets starts to use term organic food as a marketing tool. In current market organic products seem to be an easy and quite low-cost means to elevate the prestige of a restaurant. The General Manager of the Savoy Hotel- Kieran Macdonald (cited in Hammond, Shepard 2010) says: â€Å"Luxury has changed in the last few years from the point of how it is defined†¦ it used to something that was very materialistic†¦ and very new. Now people are looking for authenticity – something that has integrity behind it†. INTRODUCTION (continued) Main restrictions in organic food production: * Before a license is granted and on a yearly basis after, all farmers and processors are subjected to rigorous inspections (Bord Bia 2011). * Very limited use of synthetic pesticide, fertiliser, livestock antibiotics, food additives and growth regulators is allowed in organic farming. * Use of genetically modified organism (GMO’S) is completely prohibited * Livestock must be provided with organic feed in a free-range, open-air farm. * At processing stage use of artificial flavourings and colorants is not allowed, only authorised by the European Commission non-organic ingredients, additives or processing aids can be used with strict limit. * Distribution and sales involve proper produce labelling- the producer name and name or code number of the inspection body must be provided. (European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development ,Organic Farming 2011) All the above would suggest, that choosing organic is the best possible choice that consumer can make, but does the organic food really equal higher quality, more nutrients, better taste etc.? Can consumption of organic food make a difference to our health? Many studies were carried out to answer those questions and I will elaborate on them in later stages of my assignment. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ORGANIC FOODS VIA CONVENTIONAL FOODS â€Å"Nutrition and food safety trends are at the centre-of-the-plate this year. Restaurants are updating menus to reflect nutrition policy and trends, consumer desires for variety and quality, and chef innovations† (Restaurant Industry Forecast, National Restaurant Association 2011) A lot of research was conducted in past years in order to differentiate nutritional value of organic and conventional food produce. I will focus this assignment on high demand foods like fruit and vegetable, dairy produce and meat. Fruits, vegetables and grains According to the studies conducted by a certified nutrition specialist Virginia Worthington (2001) an increased amount of several nutrients is present in organic crops compared with their conventional equivalents. These included: * 27% more vitamin C * 21. 1% more iron * 29. 3% more magnesium * 13. 6% more phosphorus * 15. 1% less nitrates than their conventional counterparts. Figure 3 The chart above illustrates the percentage of additional mineral content in organic compare to conventional crops. However, when the research was carried out the following factors (which are proven to have an effect on a nutritional quality of the food) weren’t taken into account: * Quality of soil and fertility usage * Storage methods * Forms of food consumption e. g. fresh, steamed, pureed, cooked from frozen etc. * Climate in different regions of the world (amount of rainfall and sunlight per day) * The method and timing of harvest To get a real picture of a difference in a nutritional value of organic via conventional foods, a large quantity of different origin samples would need to be tested. Findings that take into account the listed above factors were published in a report â€Å"New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-Based Organic Foods† (Benbrook, Zhao, Yanez, Davies and Andrews 2008, p.42) and state that: â€Å"Yes, organic plant-based foods are, on average, more nutritious in term of their nutrient density†¦ The average serving†¦contains about 25% more of the nutrients†¦than a comparable-sized serving of the same food produced by conventional farming methods. † NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ORGANIC FOODS VIA CONVENTIONAL FOODS (continued) Milk and dairy produce Another research, carried out on grass feed cows, by Newcastle University in United Kingdom (2008) and published online in the Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture showed that forage-based diet and natural grazing have a significant influence on milk composition. An increase in beneficial fatty acids, antioxidants and vitamins was observed when nutritional values of organic milk and conventional milk were compared. Meats Studies of laboratory animals demonstrate that farm-raised animal’s meat is higher in some fatty acids. Amount of CLA (Conjugated linoleic acid) found in animals fed organically grown diet is five times higher than the once fed conventional diet. Meat and dairy products from organic animals are the richest known source of this fatty acid (Butler 2008) Pastured cattle’s meat is also higher in vitamin E. Even when compared with cattle given supplements of vitamin E, the condensation of this vitamin in organic cow’s meat is twice as high (Kluger, Jeffrey 2010). Lack of day light and fresh organic feed have a significant effect on amount of omega-3 in chicken meat and eggs. 10 times more omega-3 was found in pastured hen’s egg when compared to factory hen’s egg (Kluger et al 2010) . INFLUENCE OF FOODS COMPONENTS ON CONSUMER’S HEALTH Fats and sugars A well-known fact is that today’s generation is getting heavier. One of the reasons for it is a tendency to eat foods witch are high in fats and sugars and low in vitamins and minerals. Another well-known fact is that obese people are more likely to suffer from diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke and other obesity-related illnesses. According to studies directed by DR. Don Davis (2004) in University of Texas-Austin, the vitamins and minerals concentration of many commonly consumed foods has dropped gradually (figure 4). Figure 4 Vitamins and fatty acids Vitamin E is well known antioxidants and is believed to have anti-aging properties. Eating food naturally reach in this vitamin can lower risk of heart disease and cancer. Fatty acids and CLA in particular might protect against various cancers. In addition omega -3 and 6 reduce risk of heart disease and arthritis and improve mental functions. Research conducted by Swiss scientist Lukas Rist and his team (2006) has found 50% higher levels of CLA in breast milk of mother, whose diet was based on organic milk and meat products. Large human study reported that consumption of organic dairy products is closely connected with risk of eczema in infants being reduced (Kummeling, Thijs and Huber 2008) Pesticides and antibiotics. Some pesticides allowed to be used in food business are proved to be dangerous for health. Findings of another research reveal strong connection between exposure to pesticides and a variety of health effects in humans. The ill effects can differ from headaches, fatigue and nausea to neurological disorders including cancer (U. S. General Accounting Office 2001). An increase in development of drug-resistant bacteria in human body was observed in recent years. Also early-onset puberty in girls is a growing problem. Existence of mentioned conditions is related to antibiotics being used in farming. Organically raised animals and organic practices in general, avoid the abuse of antibiotics (Kluger et al 2010) TASTE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR OF CHOOSING ORGANIC FOODS â€Å"While the growth in organic purchases is primarily in the retail category, consumers are demanding these offerings more when they dine out, and restaurant operators need to meet these demands. † Nation’s Restaurant News (2011) Does organic food taste better? Most people say that they cannot taste the difference, but organic isn’t a guarantee of taste. Taste of crops largely depends on quality of soil, weather conditions, treatments used by farmer etc. As taste is an entirely subjective matter, only large scale double-blind taste test would help in finding out if organic crops have better, fresher, more complex flavours than industrial crops do. But without a doubt, abnormally large, excessively engineered tomatoes designed to ripen on the way to a distribution centre will never come close to the taste of its vine-ripened, fresh-picked cousin (Kluger et al 2010). Numbers of people looking for authentic food are increasing with every year. More and more consumers want to grow their own fruit and vegetables, as they fill need of going back to basics. Fruits and vegetables that that can be seen every day in the shops don’t look like ones from grandmother’s garden. Not even one apple with a wormhole makes buyers question their â€Å"realness†. Most high class hotel restaurants recognise the need and importance of providing their guests with fresh, fully nutrient organic food and as a result information of the origin of produce used in preparation of meals is placed on the menu. ETHICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ORGANIC FARMING A problematic issue, in non-organic agricultural areas, is soil and water pollution. According to findings of the U. S. Geological Survey over 90% of water and fish samples from rivers and nearly 50% of all tested wells contained a minimum of one pesticide (U. S. General Accounting Office 2001). Another shocking but common issue is relates to the way non-organic animals are raised. In order to fatten an animal, so it can be slaughter as fast as possible, a high-calorie, corn-based feed is used. To increase productivity level large numbers of animals are jammed together on factory farms. A cow raised in these conditions might be slaughter after just 14 months, while for a grass-feed cow it can take up to two and a half years before it face the knife (Kluger et al 2010). Last but not least way in which organic farming influence environment is by respecting use of countryside. In order to maintain a balance required by a healthy ecosystem organic farmers use a variety of non-chemical method for the control of pest and weeds. By looking for disease resistant crops, that works the best in particular climate, they contribute in big way to protection of different varieties of dying out of forgotten species. CONCLUSION There is no simple answer to the question asked in the topic of this assignment. First of all, we should remember that the purpose behind organic agriculture is not primarily about human nutrition – it’s more about protecting the environment. The world population is growing, obesity rate continue to climb, people eat more and more food needs to be produced- all of that results in industrial engineering tricks being use in food production. Some of us are aware of the above and choose organic. Unfortunately, because of overuse of agricultural chemicals over past decades, they are all-pervasive in rainfall and water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks. Due to drift via wind and rain organic crops are also exposed to them, so organic food cannot be a guarantee of 100% toxic free. This assignment confirms that organically-grown plants, animals and dairy products are more nutritious, yet the health effect of eating organic cannot be assess by simple lab test. Monitoring of health of individuals over generations is the only way of finding out if organic is really better. And still a healthy balance, in types of foods eaten, needs to be maintained. Person that throughout the day eats large amounts of organic chocolate and pastries and drink seven organic coffees and have a six pack of organic beer with organic burger and chips for dinner is missing the point. Also restaurants play a big role in creating a healthy eating concept. Good chefs know, that methods of cooking and focusing on seasonal and local products, to minimise the time between harvesting and eating, can be more important than whether a food is organic or non-organic. And finally, before deciding on what to put on our plate, either organic or not, we should always bear in mind a very meaningful phrase: â€Å"You are what you eat†. REFERENCES: Benbrook C. , Zhao X. , Yanez J. , Davies N. , Andrews P. (2008) â€Å"New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-Based Organic Foods† available: http://www. organic-center. org/science. nutri.php? action=view&report_id=126, [accessed: 10 Oct 2011] Bord Bia-Irish Food Board (2011) â€Å"Organic Food† available: http://www. bordbia. ie/aboutfood/organicfood/Pages/OrganicFood. aspx [accessed 4 Oct 2011]. Butler, Newcastle University (2008), â€Å"Organic Free Grazing Cows Are Cream Of The Crop† ScienceDaily, available: http://www. sciencedaily. com /releases/2008/05/080527101003. htmhttp://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/05/080527101003. htm, accessed: 16 Oct 2011 European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development ,Organic Farming (2011), â€Å"What is organic farming? † available: http://ec. europa. eu/agriculture/organic/organic-farming/what-organic_en [accessed 04 Oct 2011] Hammond R. , Shepard A. (2010)†The Savoy – a green hotel? † available: http://www. greentraveller. co. uk/blog/savoy-london-green-hotel [accessed 06 Oct 2011] Kluger, Jeffrey. (2010)†What’s So Great About Organic Food? †, Time, Vol. 176 Issue 9, p30-40, available: http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? sid=e6bef63d-8e95-431c-9fd9-523ebf5edba0%40sessionmgr111&vid=2&hid=119&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d.

Pick 5 short stories and write 5 responds ( each just have to be one Essay

Pick 5 short stories and write 5 responds ( each just have to be one page) - Essay Example From the description about the colonel in the story, one could conclude that his personality could best be described as a remorseless person in a chaotic country that embraced violence among their people (James, Denise & Tom 85). The colonel reveals his evil personality to the author with no compunction, â€Å"He spilled many human ears on the table† (James, Denise & Tom 85). Furthermore, the author manages to reveal to the reader that the colonel behaved that way since his people had become hard to difficult to govern plus he had enemies. This story written by Fred Leebron remains as an intriguing fictional story that entails a lady that broke up with her boyfriend and sought for revenge. The story begins with a happy time memory of the couple being by the river side enjoying themselves, â€Å"She touches his hair by the river† (James, Denise & Tom 157). The author in the story jumps back and forth in telling her story as she reveals her past relationship and links to the current event. From the story, one could realize that the author enjoyed pleasant times with the man he dated before they moved to his apartment. As the author compares the past life with the present, one could realize that the two had broken up though the author had the key of the apartment. The author goes to her ex-boyfriends apartment and turns on the gas stove without lighting it, then walks away. The author is angry with the man and plans for a fire accident to occur in his apartment since she knew that he liked to smoke, â€Å"The air smells of autumn, burnt† (James, Denise & Tom 157). This story hence reveals the bitterness of a girl who feels cheated in entering a relationship with the man she speaks about, â€Å"His former girlfriends have turned into lesbians† (James, Denise & Tom 157). The readers remain left in suspense on what will happen to the former boyfriend when the author leaves the apartment with the gas stove on â€Å"I turn it on without lighting† (James, Denise & Tom

Read the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Read the instruction - Essay Example The most prevalent cases of civil law may comprise of negligence, physical attack, battery and informed consent (Follin & Springhouse Corporation, 2004). The criminal and civil laws govern the relationship between patients and doctors in order to make it professional and trustworthy. This implies that they spell out the actions against the offenders to avoid breach and negligence. The patients’ Bill of Rights concerns the privileges guaranteed to new applicants of medical insurance cover. It guarantees the patients’ information, fair conduct and independence over medical decisions among others. This implies that a patient has the right to access correct and simple information about his or her health plan (Shapiro, 2009). As a result, a patient who does not understand another language or experiences a mental disability should receive assistance in order to make an informed medical decision. The Bill also provides for the fair treatment in which the patient is advised on the best options to take. In this regard, a patient should ask about the benefits and side effects of any treatment to be administered. Under the Bill, patients have a right to respect and non-discrimination by showing and receiving considerate and courteous care from medical practitioners and family members (Shapiro, 2009). The other important part of the Bill is the right to pri vacy to consult doctors or access medical records. However, in cases of complaints or appeals, patients should have a fast, reasonable and objective assessment against a health institution, doctors or personnel. HIPAA laws affect the Patients Bill of Rights because it covers both long-term and new applicants of the medical cover (Shapiro, 2009). However, it only deals with the privacy of patients concerning their health records, decisions and disclosures. This makes it tricky to implement the other details provided for in the Patients’ Bill of rights. As a result,

How to Define Poverty Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

How to Define Poverty - Literature review Example Consequently, and as Keen (1992) contends, given that development, theory embraces poverty alleviation strategies, one may assume that development policies and programmes are inherently focused upon poverty reduction/elimination. While the above assertion is valid and development policies, as does development theory, embrace poverty alleviation strategies, the fact remains that they are, more often than not, characterized by failure. The failure of development policies to successfully eradicate, or reduce poverty, is an immediate outcome of inaccurate definitions of poverty, a vague understanding of its causal factors, and a tendency to adopt prescribed development policies, as opposed to ones which have been specifically designed to address the type, cause and consequence of poverty in a specific society/nation. Through an analysis of the meaning of poverty, it variant causes and consequences, and the extent to which type and cause need inform poverty alleviation and development strategies if they are to successfully accomplish the objectives of development and poverty alleviation, the stated hypothesis will be investigated. Poverty is popularly understood as e... Until recently, the World Bank interpreted poverty in a similar manner, defining it as the "deprivation of income" (Mosley and Booth, 2003, p. 5). Realizing, however, that this definition was erroneous insofar as it imposed unjustifiable limitations on the theoretical conceptualizations of the referenced phenomenon, leading to the evolution of limited and delimiting development and poverty eradication policies, the World Bank undertook the revision of the mentioned definition. Rather than define poverty in economic terms alone, the World Bank adopted a more expansive definition of poverty as the "pronounced deprivation of well-being" (Mosley and Booth, 2003, p. 5). This definition does overcome some f the conceptual constraints imposed upon the phenomenon by the earlier definition but, as Sen (1976; 1984; 1985; 1999) has repeatedly argued, poverty is a fluid concept, most accurately defined in terms of its causal factors. Certainly, it is deprivation but it is countless forms of depr ivation, be it social, economic, political or geographic. It is not incorrect to define it as "deprivation," but it is hardly correct to leave it at that. In other words, and as Sen (1984; 1985) maintains, poverty is the absence of choice, be it on the political, economic or social levels. Â  

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

Reflection - Essay Example Writing has helped me discover myself about my high points from a self-evaluated point of view. I strongly rely on spoken vocabulary. I write what I can say aloud making my writing direct and easily understood by others. Right from grade1 days I was told reading a lot builds our vocabulary and the greatest speakers in the world are equally chronic readers. At a personal point of view, my reading habit has greatly helped create the writer in me since it not only nurtures my grammar but also gives me a diversified approach to different situations. In addition, I constantly listen to my writing as if it were spoken aloud. This gives rhythm to my writing. Truth is highly compromised especially where the consequences that come with telling the truth are adverse making it subjective and objective and hence will now be propaganda and not factual. As a writer, I do not subscribe to such beliefs among people since I believe a writers duty is to tell the truth no matter how gross the circumstance is or whoever forms part of the story. I have a memory strong on recognition. I am not outstanding on recall but when someone or something triggers a memory, I retrieve it all a fresh with a new enticing version of it. I regard this rather advantageous as opposed to photographic memory, which impedes the imaginative process, which is why I am glad I do not have one. For a writer I suspect that recognition is more important than recall since when a memory of an individual is buried, all types of interesting links are formed in your mind. No machine is a hundred percent efficient, and as humans our efficiency is relatively lower than that hence I greatly embrace my weaknesses as I strive to work on them. Reluctance to edit is a major hiccup I face. When I am done with my writing, my mind drifts to something else and thus not unless I am willing I end up not editing the work. I have a phobia about fiction. When it comes to creating

My writing Learning Experience in this class -where I started from the Essay

My writing Learning Experience in this class -where I started from the beginning of the class to now - Essay Example Both strategies are concerned with collection of ideas prior to actual writing. I also learned about clustering which is considered as higher level of pre-writing because in this strategy, the ideas are inter-connected with each other. At this point, the relations of each idea are being considered. On the other hand, tagmemics involves initial analysis of the subject. It is divided among particle, wave, and field perspective. The particle is the topic or idea. The wave is the manner by which the particle was affected by time. The field is how the unit is seen in a larger perspective. These learnings helped a lot in my preparations for writing. They helped me gather my ideas prior to actual writing and plan how to relate each idea to suit my topic. I also learned how to develop effective paragraphs. I learned the importance of having an introduction and conclusion in my essays. I realized that there is a need for me to introduce the topic of my essay at the first paragraph so that my readers will be able to know at first glance where the essay would be leading. I also learned that each sentence of the paragraph must relate to one idea and that each paragraph must have some relation to the preceding paragraph so that there will be smooth presentation of ideas. As a writer, I cannot just insert paragraphs where I wanted to, but there must be some logical relationship between and among paragraphs. The The different types of definition essays were also taught in the class. Before, I thought that I could just state and include in the essay everything and anything about a particular subject just to be able to come up with a definition essay. However, in my class, I learned that there are four (4) different types of definition essay, to wit: by function, by structure, by analysis, and by contrast. A definition essay by function means that the writer has to explain

Childhood Obesity in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Childhood Obesity in the UK - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  the past several decades indicate that the chances and medical science and technology can help to prevent and oftentimes banish entirely diseases such as rickets, mumps, whooping cough, polio, and a litany of others is profound. However, one of the realities that is been noted within the current time with regards to the health and longevity of the population is with respect to the detrimental effect that obesity has upon the health of those affected by it.This essay discusses that  the situation regarding childhood obesity, in the United Kingdom, is reaching and alarming level. Scholars have indicated that roughly one in three children currently living within the United Kingdom can be considered obese. The obvious problem that exists with regards to this is not necessarily due to the fact that these children are merely obese; rather, the problem that exists is due to the fact that children who suffer from obesity facing exponentially higher risk of d eveloping any number of other diseases. These can include but are not limited to diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and many others.  The issue with childhood obesity, as is oftentimes misunderstood, does not merely go away once the child reaches adulthood. Further studies have indicated that an individual who suffers from childhood obesity is almost invariably going to suffer from adult obesity and likely developed at least one of the prior diseases which a been referenced earlier in this analysis.

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

Political science - Essay Example This paper assesses the success and shortcomings of the Oslo process from the Israeli point of view. This will help to learn lessons, which can be adopted in future political processes between Israeli and Palestine. In order to assess the success and shortcomings of the Oslo process from the Israeli point of view, it is important to consider the national goals of Israel. According to Brom (92), the national goal of Israel is to have full Israel sovereignty over all parts of the historical land of Israel. Basing on this, it can be argued that the Oslo process failed, since it contradicted the main national goal of the Israelis. This process then, according to Israelis, was flawed. It was quite clear that in order for the Oslo process to ensure an agreement between the Israelis and Palestinians, the territory of the historical land of Israelis had to be divided between the Palestinians and Israelis. In addition, the national vision of Israelis to ensure the existence of Israel as a democratic nation state of the Jewish people. Therefore, Israel expected that any political process with Palestinians would be based on their principle of two states for two peoples (Brom 93). However, this vision is considered unrealistic, and today, Israel is far away from achieving this vision. Nonetheless, the Oslo process failed in ending the status quo. Today, Israel is still pushing towards the achievement of a bi-national state, as it still retains the West Bank, and continues to expand its settlement enterprise. The Oslo process did not ensure the security of Israel. During the process, Israel had to take security risks. For instance, when Palestinian labourers were allowed to work Israel, this was a security risk to Israel (Brom 95). It is also believed that the Oslo process encouraged the Palestinians to embrace violence and resist the occupation of Israeli through armed protests. Therefore, the Oslo process gave the

Raymond Briggs Essay Example for Free

Raymond Briggs Essay During the 1980s there was fear of a nuclear attack. Mass protests were held in order to prevent nuclear armament. Many politicians gave formal sermons to the public, warning them of the threat of nuclear war and the effects of the bombs. However, Raymond Briggs uses cartoon books and film to illustrate the serious message, making it more interesting, so more people take notice of it. When the Wind Blows follows the lives of a conventional, elderly couple in the countryside. Their names are Jim and Hilda Bloggs. The name Bloggs shows that they are very ordinary and could represent anybody. The first section of the cartoon strip shows the idyllic countryside in which the couple live. There are fluffy clouds in the sky, but at the same time these clouds are very ominous, as we later find out. These clouds soon become mushroom clouds after the bomb hits. There are bright colours filling the pages making their lives seem cheerful. The windmills in the background generate wind using the latest technology, however, this technology is what creates the bomb. Jim reads the newspaper when he arrives home and we realise that the lives shown in the newspaper are so very different compared to his and his wifes simple lives. My life isnt very fast-moving or dynamic. Jim always tries to sound intelligent but gets things wrong constantly. This makes us feel terrible pity for Jim because he is so hopeless. On the video, Jim squints quite often and Hilda always hobbles. This shows their vulnerability. The simplicity of the illustrations of Jim and Hilda is a reflection of their characters. The couple seem very warm and kind because of their round bodies. They both have rosy cheeks giving them a plump and healthy appearance as well. The endearing name, Ducks, that Jim has for Hilda adds to their innocence. Jim and Hilda trust the government completely and think that without the official leaflets theyd have been totally non-prepared. However, we know that the leaflets are just there to comfort the people, because no one can escape the radiation sickness after a nuclear bomb explosion. Their naivety shows when they seem to think that there is going to be a war and not a nuclear bomb. I can soon touch it in after The Bombs gone off. There is some irony in their comments because, after the supposed war, they will be wiped out. During the build-up to the bomb, the lullaby Rock a Bye Baby plays in the background. This gives the story its title. The irony here is that, when the bomb hits, hot winds will sweep over the countryside causing mass destruction. Lullabies are usually sung to children so it makes the couple again seem innocent and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. We feel even more sympathy for Jim and Hilda when they look back at the community spirit of World War Two with nostalgia. They never seem to see the grim reality of what is happening to them. As the bomb hits, all the audience and reader can see is a bright white light. This represents the total obliteration that the bomb causes. The colours outside change from cheerful colours to ones of luridness. While Jim is reading out names of political organisations, there are strong drumbeats playing in the background, giving a threatening sense. The drums beats get louder, drowning out Jims voice, showing the nuclear war as being more important. Flashes of real-life footage also add to the threatening atmosphere and show the reality of what is happening. The names of organisations flash onto the screen then they fall apart and become distorted. This reflects Jims thoughts of the names. They mean nothing to him and, as far as he is concerned, they are just letters. The fact that they all fall apart shows that there is no safety, even from organisations set up to protect people. After the explosion, we see the inevitable 0death of Jim and Hilda. Bags start to appear round their eyes, Hildas ankles start to sag and her hair falls out. This is a very moving build-up to their death, as it shows the awful reality of the bomb. The couple have hardly any food to eat, but manage to find one fruit pastille. Their true love for each other is shown here as they cut the pastille in half, making it fair. During the aftermath of the bomb, both Hilda and Jim have fantasies. We feel sympathy for them here because their childish fantasies make them seem innocent. As the glass shatters, Hilda sees her past in the pieces of glass, which is shattered before her very eyes. This gives her character a past so we feel great pity on her, because we know she is going to die. It also seems like her life flashing before her eyes, something which people associate with the arrival of death. In both the film and book, the death of Jim and Hilda is not shown. In the book the last pages are brown, showing no hope for the couple, whereas in the film version, there is a close-up of the bunker and it rises into the sky, appearing as the sun. This gives a sense of hope, because it shows that Jim and Hilda have gone to heaven. I think that the way Raymond Briggs has used the cartoon book genre to convey a serious message works really well. It is very moving and rouses the sympathy of both reader and audience.

Importance Role Of Human Resource Management Business Essay

Importance Role Of Human Resource Management Business Essay A study on the importance role of human resource management (HRM) and its practices in multinational companies (MNCs) operation. This research proposal is to investigate on the roles of human resource management in operating a multinational business and how it is practicing in multinational companies. The roles and the practices of human resource management are the independent variables that determine the success of operation a multinational company. 1.0 Objectives: To investigate on the roles of human resource management in operating multinational companies. To investigate on the how human resource management is practicing in multinational companies. To investigate on whether there is significant influences between the practicing of human resource management and the operation of multinational companies. 2.0 Research Question: What are the roles of human resource management in managing multinational companies? How human resource management is practicing in multinational companies? How the practicing of human resource management influences the operation of multinational companies? 3.0 Introduction: There are four main elements needed to conduct a business, which are capital, land, labor and entrepreneur. A business cannot run smoothly with the absent of either one of the elements. Undisputedly, labor is the most important asset in conducting a business. The reason is the success or failure of a company is determined by the employees of the company, because the employee is the one create and undermine a companys reputation (Cliffs Notes, n.d.). Besides, according to human capital theory that developed by American economist Gary Becker, focus on the skills and performance of employees is important and it is one source of way to increase companys competitive advantage (Highbeam.com, 2007; Economy Professor, n.d.). Nowadays, companies foresee the important of employees well-being and interaction with companies, so, human resource management is being extremely important in dealing and interacts with representatives of all source of production (Buzzle.com, n.d.). Microsoft is the example company that realized the value and effectiveness of their employees. It is one of the richest and successful companies in the world that is employee-oriented companies (News and Technology, 2010). Human resource management (HRM) is the utilization of people within an organization is a function of broad range of dynamic factors (Gerald, R. Sherman, D. and Darold, T., 1995). It involves in employing people, designing and developing those related resource and fully utilise them to maximize the companys profit (Buzzle.com, n.d.). It also complement with the sole goal to motivate their employee to prove their ability and to add value to the company (Buzzle.com, n.d.). HRM is playing the central role of balancing the local and global force (Informaworld, n.d.). While helping in settle local differences, it also helping the multinational companies (MNCs) in implementing critical global strategies (Informaworld, n.d.). It provides significant support and advice to line management and carrying the important position in develop calibre employee to increase the competitive advantage of a company in multinational market (Management-Hub, 2010). 4.0 Significance of Study: This proposal is to study out the roles of human resource management and how it can be practicing in operating multinational companies. This information is helpful for the multinational companies to understand the important of human resource management and its influences on the operation of multinational companies. 5.0 Literature Review: There are more and more companies went into globalisation due to the benefits of the greater trade and competition, higher economic growth and etc. (Economics Helps, n.d.). However, there are high rate of failure when a company is dealing with the international firm or operating a business in multinational scale (All business, 2002). The reasons are mainly due to the different national and corporate culture and the difficulty of one control and deal with resources especially workforce in several firm and is in multinational scale (All business, 2002). The strategy of managing different workforce in different nation is varying. HRM in international is carrying more and complexity roles. However, the main and important function of HRM is still the managing of people but across national boundaries other than just the home country headquarters (HQ) (Highbeam.com, 2007; Economy Professor, n.d.). 5.1 Roles of Human Resource Management (HRM) in Multinational Companies There are various types of existence of MNCs in international business. There are terms such as Ethnocentric, Polycentric, and Geocentric used to denote the differences types of MNCs (Highbeam.com, 2000). The roles of HRM are different in different nation as well as different types of MNCs. The various roles of human resource management in multinational companies can mainly being categorized in to five main areas: 5.1.1 Recruitment and selection Recruitment is one of the HRM roles that carried out by managers in all types of concerns when the business activities are carried out (Management Study Guides, 2009). Recruitment is a process to discover sources of manpower to meet the requirement of staffing schedule and stimulating them to apply for job in an organisation (Gurpreet, R., 2007). However, in MNCs, the recruiting process must be carried out under further consideration of the adaptation of the culture, international rewards system, and the types of one MNCs exist, and etc. (Stuart, W. and Bronwen, R., 2004). For example, MNCs that practice Ethnocentric will fill the key position in subsidiaries by the employees in home country, however, for MNCs that are polycentric will recruit the host country nationals to manage the subsidiary in their own country and Geocentric MNCs recruit the suitable people regardless of their nationality (Stuart, W. and Bronwen, R., 2004). It is important to suit the recruiting process with the recruitment policies of the MNCs in order to add value to a MNCs operation. 5.1.2 Training and development Human resource management in international is also responsible for training and the development of employees. The quality and the development of employees improved through training and education is factoring that determining the profitability of a company in long-term (Zero Million, 2009). Training can increase the job satisfaction of the employees, reduce the turnover, and improve the performance and skills of employees and it is also the other way of motivation given to the employees that would benefit the companies in return (Management Helps, n.d.). In different types of MNCs there are different types of training for their employees. MNCs that are Polycentric is more likely to offer training that provides cultural awareness and personal flexibilities (Patricia, H., 2002; CiteHR.com, n.d.). For example, employees are sending for cross-cultural training, language training, environmental briefing and so forth. This would help them to adapt to the cultural and perform their job well (Stuart, W. Bronwen, R., 2004; Management Helps, n.d). On the other hand, for Ethnocentric MNCs, their training is more centralized (CiteHR.com, n.d.). 5.1.3 Remuneration Employees remuneration is the compensation or rewards that given by company to employees according to their performance. Remuneration is one way to motivate employees to perform effectively and efficiently (Management Study Guides, 2009). The remuneration in multinational companies is increasing complex due to the currency fluctuation, different HR staff remuneration policies and practices as well as the different labour law in different nation. Salary is the psychological needs of employees in the Maslow hierarchy needs (Ezine Article, 2010). It reflects also the performance of employees and determines their standard of living, while planning for the remuneration, the salaries of the employees especially for those transfers from other location must be considered (CiteHR.com, n.d.) The methods and scheme of remuneration is varied in different MNCs. The cost of remuneration for Ethnocentric MNCs will be high compare to Polycentric and Geocentric as it transfer the staffs from headquar ter (HQ) to fill the key position (CiteHR.com, n.d). 5.1.4 Labour relations The HRM department in MNCs is responsible not only for recruiting and firing but also contacting job references and administering employees benefits, such as subsidy in housing (Wisegeek, n.d.). The staff in HRM department must be act as people person to understand and identify individual employees needs and career goals in order to meet the matching processes; which is matching the needs of the organization and the needs of the employees (Buzzle.com, n.d.; Cliffs Notes, n.d.). In MNCs, there is complex employees mix in term of cultural, educational, religious and etc. Different types MNCs have different ways of interaction with the employees in order to solve the conflict as well as generate overall sense of belonging of employees to company (Associated content, 2009; Buzzle.com, n.d.). For instance, Ethnocentric MNCs have to avoid cultural myopia when interact with the employees, they have to understand the cultural and the labour right in order to comfort the employees, administer ing employees benefits and not to against the laws. (Stuart,W. Bronwen,R., 2004). 5.1.5 Initiative of workforce alignment to company objective Workforce alignment is a specific process that tying the employees goal to overall company objectives (Dresser Associate, 2006). This is important especially for MNCs that operate in different nations, the employees in different nation that shared the same goal is the main factors that push a company to next higher level of success as it accomplish the company business plan toward a much more realistic situation (Dresser Associate, 2006; Success Factors, 2010). Knowledge Infusion Research shows that, when employees know their contribution impact company success, both employees and company performance will increase (Dresser Associate, 2006). Communicating the company goals, collaboration of employee, strengthen accountability and employee engagement is important steps for workforce alignment (Success Factors, 2010). The practices of Ethnocentric MNCs are standardization, as the key position is hold by employees from HQ, it is easier for them to control and align their workforce, and h owever, polycentric that practicing localization may face problems of existence gap between HQ and subsidiaries staffs (Stuart,W. Bronwen,R., 2004).They may have to pay more efforts in aligning the workforces. Understanding and sharing the same company goals, collaboration and interaction of both HQ and subsidiary employees are important factors that bring MNCs to achieve company long-term goals (Success Factors, 2010). 5.2 The practicing of HRM in multinational companies Globalization and MNCs are two closely interlinked phenomena (Markus, P., 2007). MNCs is considered as the important key for globalization process, on the other hand, MNCs also needs to become more and more competitive in order to survive in globalized world economy (Markus, P., 2007). As the importance for MNCs to continue growing, there is central debate around management of MNCs which are to be standardization or localization (Markus, P., 2007). 5.2.1 Standardization vs Localization 5.2.1.1 Standardization Standardization is global integration of parent company policies and practices (Pawan S. Budhwar., 2004). It is also refers to the level of central coordination by the HQ to closely integrate the operation of subsidiaries in worldwide in order to achieve global efficiency through economies of scale (Markus, P., 2007). Many Japanese companies such as Canon, Toyota and Matsushita have traditionally emphasized on the standardization and efficiency (Markus, P., 2007). Another example is American MNCs IBM has a relatively standardized HRM practices for examples, in their recruitment and training process (Markus, P., 2007). According to institutional theory and perspective, there are three major factors that affect an organization to be standardization which are coercive isomorphism, mimetic isomorphism and normative isomorphism (Highbeam.com, 2007). Coercive isomorphism of MNCs is influence by a powerful constituency, such as government has imposed certain pattern on the organization that they have to follow. However, mimetic isomorphism is where the MNCs is in the situation of uncertainty adopt the pattern exhibited by the organization in their home country that is viewed as successful, and normative isomorphism is where the MNCs is affected by the professional organization that acts as the disseminators of appropriate organizational pattern in the environment (Highbeam.com, 2007). 5.2.1.2 Localization However, previous research shows that national cultural and institutional characteristic have limited the transfer of HRM practices (Harzing.com, 2007). The transfer of HRM practices to overseas subsidiaries is limited and might force the MNCs to localize their HRM practices (Harzing.com, 2007). Localization is the practices and policies of host countries is locally differentiate (IEE Explore, 2010). In other words, the subsidiary is acts and behaves as local and is different from the parent company. European companies such as Philips and Nestlà © are the proponent of localization (Markus, P., 2007). In order to survive in the nation, majority MNCs will adapt to the cultural and localize their practices. For example, the subsidiaries of American in German is practices not only the regulation but also the German concept of codetermination, if they do not adapt to the local practices, Wal-mart for example, they frequently suffer low performance (Markus, P., 2007). Another example is s ubsidiary of Canon in America tends to be more on the performance oriented in their incentives structure than the structure of parent company that emphasize on seniority (Markus, P., 2007). The opposing forces of standardization and localization are the challenge for HRM practices in MNCs operation, MNCs that able to strike the delicate balance between standardization and localization will have a good performance. 6.0 Methodology: Theoretical framework for this study: . Independent variables Dependent variable 7.0 Primary data collection: Generally, this primary data collection is going to be done to help achieve the objectives of this study. This primary data collection can be done by doing survey at multinational companies that locate in Penang, such as the world number one chipmakers Samsung Corporation, Dell Inc. and Toshiba Corporation. The reasons of choosing these three MNCs are to look into the HRM practices in MNCs that originated from three different countries based that operate in same industry. Samsung Corporation is the leader in Asia in producing LCD monitor that originated from Korea, Toshiba Corporation, is originated from Japan, a country that have inspiring management system and Dell from United State. A set of question comprising of 50 questions which involving multiple choices are given to the staffs involve in the human resources department, and managerial level of these three MNCs. The total respondents will be 100 staffs. The results that get from this survey will be analyzed by using Excel and presented in suitable form such as histogram, pie chart and etc. (2101 words)

Gadgets Of JAmes Bond Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Weapons and Gadgets of James Bond Introduction - Throughout the years, the weapons and gadgets that have come from the hands of the Q Branch, has never turned James Bond down, they are the coolest and are the best in spy paraphernalia. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bond’s choice of equipment A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walther PPK B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aston Martin DB5 C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Watches II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comparison to some spy gadgets of the army A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bond’s popular equipment B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military’s popular equipment III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As technology continues to grow A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weapons will get better 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equipment from newer movies a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goldeneye b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tomorrow Never Dies B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gadgets of the older movies C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other items of Q’s Lab IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What do we expect of Bond A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More high tech weapons and gadgets B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A new head for the Q Branch C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A lot more excitement Conclusion - Finally, the weapons and gadgets of James Bond will still continue to astonish the entire world, and it will still do so as many more films are produced in the near future. â€Å"And this I am Especially Proud of† - Q   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I think we’ve met.† These were the words of James Bond as he stepped into his talking BMW 750IL during the movie Tomorrow Never Dies. Throughout the years, the weapons and gadgets that have come from the hands of the Q Branch, has never turned James Bond down, they are the coolest and are the best in spy paraphernalia. If someone would try to compare Bond’s gadgets to gadgets of the military, Bond would win ten to one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, as technology changed and time passed, the Q Branch developed better equipment, but many of the classic gadgets are still obsolete in a technology driven world we live in today. For example, Bond’s old Aston Martin DB5 can out run a Ferrari 355 F1 Spider that was demonstrated in the movie Goldeneye. (Ultimate James Bond Page http:jmsbond.tripod.com) As the James Bond story continues, the better and better the gadg... ...oon be seeing a new Q. The current Q died in a tragic accident in London just a month ago right after the release of â€Å"The World is not enough.† Another thing you will never miss in Bond films is the excitement, and that will always stay true. Finally, the weapons and gadgets of James Bond will still continue to astonish the entire world, and it will still do so as many more films are produced in the near future. Works Cited Blair, Cluade and Tarassuk Leonid. â€Å"The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapon†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crown Publisher 1929: 379 The Complete James Bond Interactive Dossier â€Å"Gadgets Section† (CD-Rom) 1996 The Complete James Bond Interactive Dossier â€Å"Vehicles Section† (CD-Rom) 1996 The Ultimate James Bond Site. â€Å"Quotes and Gadgets† Online.Internet. 14 March 2000 available Http://www.007.com BMW USA â€Å"Build Your BMW, Z3† Online.Internet. 1 March 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Available Http://www.bmwusa.com â€Å"Tomorrow Never Dies.† Movie. MGM Studios and United Artists 1997 â€Å"Goldeneye.† Movie. MGM Studios and United Artists 1994 007-The Ultimate James Bond Page. â€Å"Quotes and Q Branch† Online.Internet. 1 March 2000 Available Http://jmsbond.tripod.com

Software Piracy beyond the Street Corner Essay -- Technology Lawsuits

Software Piracy beyond the Street Corner On January 23, 2003, the world’s leading computer networking equipment maker Cisco Systems, headquartered in San Jose California, filed a lawsuit against China-based Huawei Technologies and its United States subsidiaries Huawei America and FutureWei Technologies. In the lawsuit, Cisco alleged that Huawei stole intellectual property by copying its Internet Operating System (IOS) software and its copyrighted user manuals. Cisco also claimed that Huawei infringed on its patents. After numerous failed attempts to resolve these complaints directly with Huawei, which included a cease and desist letter to one of Huawei’s United Kingdom distributors, Cisco decided that a lawsuit was necessary to protect the company and its shareholder’s interests. The lawsuit was processed through United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. This paper will provide an overview of this landmark case and discuss whether each company had a different view of ethics that or iginated from differing cultural perspectives. I. Case Background Cisco Systems’ 77 page complaint filed in the United States District Court for the Easter District of Texas demanded a trial by jury in response to Huawei’s misappropriation and intellectual property infringement in the development of its competing Quidway routers. One of Huawei’s United States based wholly-owned subsidiary, FutureWei, is located in Plano, Texas; the other subsidiary Huawei America is located in California’s Silicon Valley, nearby Cisco Systems’ headquarters. The China-based parent company is a multi-billion dollar corporation that has manufactured network and telecommunications equipment since 1988. Huawei marketed its Quidway router... ... â€Å"Huawei: Cisco Code is Gone,† April 15, 2003, http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=31253 [3] â€Å"Cisco Wins Huawei Injunction,† June 9, 2003, http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=35058 [4] â€Å"Managing in the Multicultural Environment†, Charis Intercultural Training Corporation, 2004. [5] â€Å"Differences of Opinion: The Cisco-Huawei Lawsuit†, The Hoffman Agency, China High Tech PR Newsletter, http://www.chinahightechpr.com/fullArticle.cfm?code=284 [6] â€Å"WTO Ministerial Conference Approves China’s Accession†, November 10, 2001 Press Release, http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres01_e/pr252_e.htm [7] The United States and China: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and Protection, http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ea/iprcn/ [8] Baase, S.; A Gift of Fire, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2003. Flags obtained from http://www.enchantedlearning.com

Shooting Dad

Jurgen Bolanos Professor Brewer English 107 Feb. 18 2011 We’re not so different you and I In Sarah Vowell‘s essay â€Å"Shooting Dad† she talks about her relationship with her dad. She goes far to explain how she differs from her father. She explains her tug-of-war battle with her father. In the end of the essay she expresses her great love for her father and it shows how happy she is that she shares a common feeling. They share a great sense of passion and pride. She begins the essay by showing the open gap between her and her father.She explains her relationship as â€Å"You could have looked at the Democratic campaign poster in the upstairs window and the Republican one in the downstairs window and seen our home for the Civil War battleground it was† (Vowell 433). I feel that in her description, her and her father both were very stubborn and wanted the other to view their personal way of living as right. Sarah’s father called her in mocking joyful tones when a republican won an election, and she pasted a left wing newspaper clipping on the refrigerator door because she knew he would see it.Another way of setting herself apart from her father was the numerous times when she explained discomfort in her home. â€Å"I had to move revolvers out of my way to make room for a bowl of Rice Krispies on the kitchen table† (Vowell 434). Vowell then contrast her discomfort with the lonely island she has made out of her room. She not only separates herself from her dad but also her twin sister who is just as passionate about guns as her father. She feels like her twin is in an alliance with her father and against her. Amy shared our father’s enthusiasm for firearms and the quick-draw cowboy mythology surrounding them† (Vowell 435). Sarah realizes she may now be able to build a relationship with her father when she hears about his new cannon. She asks him if she may go shoot his new cannon with him. This is like a breat h of fresh air to her and a great surprise to her father. â€Å"He was immediately suspicious† (Vowell 438). Even when she was trying out a new thing with her father she seemed a bit cautious because she was trying to justify her motives to the reader.Although Sarah starts to admit she likes her new experience, Sarah’s view of guns as negative still exists. She puts in her essay an explanation of why her father’s cannon are different by using the analogy of someone trying to rob a liquor store. â€Å"try to rob a convenience store with this 110-pound Saturday night special, you’d still be dragging it in the door Sunday afternoon† (Vowell 439). She tries to assimilate her love for loud, head banging music to the sound of the cannon when it is shot.Towards the end of the essay the rhythm slows down as she begins to talk about her fathers wishes when he dies. She feels kind of honored to know that her father will be shot out of the cannon they both sh ot together. In her last paragraph she shows that honor by starting just about every sentence with â€Å"I. † Sarah says, â€Å"I will have my father’s body burned into ashes. I will pack these ashes into paper bags. I will go to the mountains†¦I will plunge his remains into the barrel and point it into a hill†¦I will light the fuse.But I will not cover my ears†¦ I think she also uses the repetition of me to show ownership, because they way her father wants his body to be treated are from an experience they shared. This was an awesome essay that began with the clashing of two stubborn people. Sarah then learned that all her life she had believed that her and her father was complete opposites but went she first shot the cannon with her father all that changed. She ends the essay with a new found relationship with her father and knowing they are one in the same.

E-Commerce Revenue Model

E-Commerce revenue models specifically describe different techniques used in generating income from the publisher's websites. As the e-commerce progress, the traditional revenue model of sales is expanded to more variety of revenue options and e-commerce business model. All of the large-scale hotel such as Shangri-La, Sheraton Seoul D-Cube City Hotel and others are more focus on e-commerce revenue models in order generate revenues from multiple income streams.Thus, all of these hotels were successful to use the e-commerce as a marketing strategy to increasing their customers. For the purpose to become a large scale hotel, Cube Hotel required to planning the e-commerce revenue as good as possible. With e-commerce, we can start a website and engage in the selling of our services, via the Internet. All online companies generate revenues from multiple income streams such as advertising, subscription, affiliate marketing.Consequently, we would like to discuss different of e-commerce reven ue model which can implemented on the internet in order to earn revenue, produce profits, and produce a superior return on invested capital. First of all, Cube Hotel can generate revenue from sales revenue model. Sales model is sales of goods, merchandise information and services provided in the publishers' websites. Sales model is one of the revenue models that more suitable for our hotel to earn profits. We sell our own service directly without any third parties in transaction process.We must efficiency to introduce our hotel in website in order to easier our customers to booking without third parties and could make decision to booking any rooms without any complex process. Our hotel website should not be looks outdated compared to the competition because we need to use our website to attract more customers to launch its. Hence, we must create a window to our business that highlights the difference between our and our competitors. For example, our website must full of contents suc h as upload new information, photo of our hotel environment, catalogue and others.This is because appealing content causes a site to be â€Å"sticky† – meaning that it keeps visitors clicking on links within our site, staying at our site instead of getting bored or dissatisfied, and going to another site. We do not same others companies who used e-marketplaces such as e-bay, Google, amazon. com to sell their own products or services indirectly. For example, Dell. com is generating sales revenue from its notebooks, Amazon. com is selling books, ABC Consultant may be generating income from their consultancy services online.Besides that, our revenue will increase in the future because our website gives customers the ability to preview our services before making a purchase. Services online may benefits for our customers because they can save their time to online booking, get new information about our hotel and may more understand our hotel in different perspective. Thus, c ustomers would choose online services rather than go to the physical storefront to purchase. Consequently, this sales strategy and program will be very profitable for Cube Hotel to earn based on the sale price.A major percentage of Cube Hotel also can generate by the Internet marketing. Internet marketing, also known as web marketing, online marketing, web advertising, or e-marketing, is referred to as the marketing of products or services over the Internet. Internet marketing is considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media. Internet marketing ties together the creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising and sales.Cube Hotel can use internet marketing because we able to captures a wide range of customer information. Each time a visitor accesses a website they leave an information trail that includes how they got to the site, how th ey navigated through the site, what they clicked on, what was purchased, and loads of other information. We may know our customers need when they give comment to our hotel. Thus, knowing a customer's behavior and preferences opens up tremendous opportunities to cater to customer's needs and, if done correctly, the customer will respond with a long-lasting loyalty.Another most important reason why our hotel needs to have an active Internet marketing strategy is because of the transformation that has occurred in how customers seek information. While customers still visit to our hotel or look through magazines, and talk to friends to gather product information, an ever-increasing number of customers turn to the Internet as their primary knowledge source. Consequently, internet marketing is its reach ability of internet around the globe and its mass appeal. No other traditional media such as print and broadcasting can reach that number of population and if does that, it can`t attain tha t pace of reach.Through Internet marketing, targeting is possible with accuracy and efficiency. It gives us options to target customers with various available choices mainly depending upon their demographic, age, interests and need. In conclusion, no business can exist without top line revenues from sales, no matter how well the other functions are handled. Our business plan must detail how our plan to price and sell our services, and how much money we plan to make. The basics should cover three broad aspects: our selling tactics, our revenue model, and our sales cycle.

John dewey v rudolf steiner

A comparison on two theorists John Dewey – Rudolf Steiner There are many theories and philosophies that have come and gone some which are still widely used today. Each human being has a mind of their own and it is because of some individuals that we are able to learn progress and teach in so many different ways. Comparing different methods, teachings, theories and ideas allows our mind to reason and understand more than Just our own point of view. In child development there Is so much to learn, each child is unique and because of this uniqueness we an not only have one pattern of teaching for every child.Every child needs to have the opportunity to succeed and progress to the best of their personal ability. I would like to compare two very intellectual and profound individuals who have expanded the minds of many people. John Dewey, a believer In Pragmatism and progressivism. HIS view was that you would develop and learn by using the mind to think and to physically do. To prepa re and enter society well equipped, mentally and physically. † I see the aim of education as the development f the Individual to function as part of a society and to contribute to the on going formation of that society' John Dewey was born In Vermont USA In 1859.He was mainly known to people about his views and philosophies on the educational system. He however shared his views about many other topics such as ethics, social theories, metaphysics and more. At the end of the nineteenth century in the United States of America a new philosophical movement started which they called Pragmatism. This was to Join intellectuals who had views, opinions and philosophical theories. The professors who suggested theories needed sufficient credibility and practicality without this they would be rejected.John Dewey played a big role In this movement whilst also publishing his work in books and sharing his theories in many different places including universities. His thoughts on the educationa l system and child's development really began to excel once he founded the University Laboratory School which became the â€Å"Dewey School†. This is where he taught his students to have an active mind, to become educational thinkers. He believed strongly In the process of growth and high principles of mental activity. Little did he know that his theories would continue to this day.John Dewey did not believe in the rigid regimentation of the educational system which was in place and believed that each individual learner would exceed their personal best not by force but more by example, by experiencing and doing. Perfecting one self's growth and being part of a system that saw school as a social community. John Dewey believed that good' education should have a purpose In society and each Individual. John Dewey stresses the Idea that the quality as a member of society. â€Å"The belief that all genuine education comes about through experience does not mean that all experiences are genuinely or equally educative. Rudolf Steiner however did not see eye to eye with John Dewey on every level. They both had a deep passion for the wellbeing and development of human beings yet had different views on how to reach that successful stage in life. Rudolf Steiner, of Austrian origin was born in Croatia 1861. Being raised in a ‘natural' countryside environment allowed him from the early age of 8 to reason in his mind about the endless possibilities the human mind can have, reaching a level of spirituality from young.He is known today as the ‘Philosopher of Freedom' he wanted to educate himself and others more on spirituality and the freedom in learning and developing. Rudolf Steiner envisioned the spiritual world as being as real as the physical world we live in. He devoted his life in search of answers, he started his quest by studying Science and Philosophy in Vienna. After years of study and personal growth the answers became clear to him that he had fo und a spiritual path which was to be called Anthropology. He believed that this would lead the spiritual in the human being to the spiritual in the universe. There is nothing more important for life, even for material life, than the strong and sure realization of communion with the spiritual world. † Rudolf Steiner was a strong believer in the ‘Natural' and ‘Holistic' development in a child. Each phase of a child's development needed nurturing, enriching and supporting, therefore, he believed that there should be three essential takes in a child's development. Each stage lasting about 7 years, he put a lot of emphasis on the fact that not one stage should be shortened because of a set curricular expectation.He believed if each individual developed at their own pace gradually learning every important life skill they would become well educated adults. His method of teaching was never to reach statistical highs but to reach personal growth. Each child would be taught and treated as an individual, with different levels and development speeds. The three phases are 0-7 which is seen as the ‘early holding' phase, the second phase 7-14 which is the ‘heart of the childhood' and last but not least the 14-21 which would be the ‘adolescence' phase.Each phase needs specific teaching and Rudolf Steiner made sure that there was a strong harmony in his teaching methods. This would be through artistic expression, dance (rhythmic), singing, play and many other forms of creativity. His teaching methods were not for the minority, this was a method he believed would be great for all of mankind. The spiritual harmony and togetherness he encouraged within schools would be inefficiency to every child, regardless of academic ability, class, ethnicity or religion.We shouldn't ask â€Å"What does a person need to be able to do in order to fit into the existing social order today? † Instead we should ask â€Å"what lives in each human being and what can be developed in him or her? † ‘ As I said in the beginning, each individual has a mind of their own. The most beautiful conclusion for me is that philosophers have pushed their mental ability to find and explain questions and doubts a lot of us have but cannot answer. I have found some truth and sense in answer but we can strive to expand our knowledge.Both John Dewey and Rudolf Steiner made it their mission in life to educate themselves and educate us. I believe that each person can relate and understand both their theories to an extent, however, we have the freedom of choice. I personally prefer Rudolf Steiner, I attended his schools during all of my primary school years and his method of teaching I would never dispute. The personal, structured learning strategies Rudolf Steiner implemented are in my opinion the most natural way to educate a young person.

Native Americans vs. American Settlers Essay

There are a number of dissimilarities between the Native Americans and the American Settlers. Although the Native Americans wanted to live in peace with American Settlers, their cultural differences led to warfare. This essay will compare and contrast a couple differences of these two cultures. I will discuss both groups opinion on land and resources. Then, I will explain both groups’ views on Nature. Native Americans Conserved land and viewed its resources as scared, while the Americans felt as though the land was nothing but opportunity for their colonies. While hunting, Native Americans used every piece of the animal from the hide to the bones and everything in between. They respected the land and believed it belonged to mother-nature, so it could not be owned or sold. On the other hand, American settlers viewed the land and its resources as limitless opportunity. â€Å"It is little wonder they went land-mad, because there was so much of it† (Steinbeck 69). They invaded the lands claiming territory, killing buffalo, and plowing through the grassy plains to make room for their crops. American settlers often fought to try to obtain land that they thought was free for the taking, whereas, the Native Americans tried to live in harmony with nature and its inhabitants. In the movie, We Shall Remain, Native Americans would try and negotiate with the Americans only to be threatened with the violence of warfare. Native Americans believed the creator put everything on this earth to live together and be used respectfully. They accepted nature and did not try to change it. The American settlers, however, didn’t hold the same beliefs. â€Å"The railroads brought new hordes of land-crazy people, and the new Americans moved like locust across the continent†¦ Coal and copper drew them on; they savaged the land, gold-dredged the rivers to skeletons of pebbles and debris† (Steinbeck 69). They viewed nature as nothing more than an obstacle and commodity. American settlers engaged in warfare, defending what they thought they discovered, to claim as their own. They were land hungry and the more they got, they more they wanted. American colonist never tried to understand the Native American’s culture. Instead they tried to push their European based ways onto them. This, in turn, caused a number of wars between the two. Sometimes it’s better to agree to disagree rather than to wage war on what is believed to be right/wrong. Works cited Steinbeck, John. â€Å"Explaining Relationships: Americans and the Land. † the Composition of Everyday Life. 3rd ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2010. Pgs. 68-70. Print. We Shall Remain. Dir. Ric Burns. Perf. Benjamin Bratt, Alex Meraz, Dweir Brown. PBS Home Video, 2009. Film.

History of Chocolate Essay

The first recorded evidence of chocolate as a food product goes back to Pre-Columbian Mexico. The Mayans and Aztecs were known to make a drink called â€Å"Xocoatll from the beans of the cocoa tree. In 1528, the conquering Spaniards returned to Spain with chocolate still consumed as a beverage. A similar chocolate drink was brought to a royal wedding in France in 1615, and England welcomed chocolate in 1662. To this point â€Å"chocolate† as we spell it today, had been spelled variously as â€Å"chocalatall, â€Å"jocolatte†, â€Å"jacolatte†, and â€Å"chockelet. 11. In 1847, Fry & Sons in England introduced the first â€Å"eating chocolate,† but did not attract much attention due to its bitter taste. In 1874, Daniel Peter, a famed Swiss chocolateer, experimented with various mixtures in an effort to balance chocolates rough flavor, and eventually stumbled upon that abundant product — milk. This changed everything and chocolate’s acceptance after that was quick and enthusiastic. GROWING COCOA BEANS Cocoa beans are usually grown on small plantations in suitable land areas 20 degrees north or south of the Equator. One mature cocoa tree can be expected to yield about five pounds of chocolate per year. These are planted in the shade of larger trees such as bananas or mangos, about 1000 trees per hectare (2,471 acres). Cocoa trees take five to eight years to mature. After harvesting from the trees, the pods (which contain the cocoa beans) are split open, beans removed, and the beans are put on trays covered with burlap for about a week until they brown. Then they are sun dried until the moisture content is below 7%. This normally takes another three days. After cleaning, the beans are weighed, selected and blended before roasting at 250 degrees Fahrenheit for two hours. Then shells are removed leaving the â€Å"nib. † Nibs are crushed to create a chocolate â€Å"mass. † This is the base raw material from which all chocolate products are made. KINDS OF CHOCOLATE Milk Chocolate This consists of at least 10% chocolate liquor (â€Å"raw† chocolate pressed from carob nibs) and 12% milk solids combined with sugar, cocoa butter (fat from nibs), and vanilla. Sweet and Semi-Sweet Chocolate Are made from 15-35% chocolate liquor, plus sugar, cocoa butter, and vanilla. Imprecision of the two terms causes them to commonly be called â€Å"dark† or â€Å"plain† chocolate. Dark chocolate has a large following among dessert makers, and for this reason is referred to as â€Å"baking† chocolate. Bittersweet and Bitter Chocolate Bittersweet usually contains 50% chocolate liguor and has a distinct â€Å"bite† to the taste. Bitter or unsweetened chocolate liquor also is used in baking and is also referred to as â€Å"bakers† chocolate. Creams and Variations Bite sized and chocolate covered. They are filled with caramels, nuts, creams, jellies, and so forth. White Chocolate Is not really chocolate as it contains no chocolate liquor, Carob This is a brown powder made from the pulverized fruit of a Mediterranean evergreen. It is used by some as a substitute for chocolate because it can be combined with vegetable fat and sugar, and made to approximately the color and consistency of chocolate. HOW CHOCOLATES ARE MADE chocolate pouring There are four basic methods of coating chocolate onto something such as caramel or a nut. They are: Enrobing Least expensive method. Centers are carried by conveyer through a machine that showers them with chocolate. Panning Chocolate is sprayed on the centers as they rotate in revolving pans, then cool air is blown in pan to harden the chocolates. Dipping Generally done by hand by small scale producers. Shell Moldinq Most sophisticated method. Used for most sculptural chocolates. The process consists of many intricate steps, thus causing it to be more expensive than other methods. (Source: Chocolate: The Consuming Passion by Sandra Boynton. Workman Publishing: New York, 1982).

Analyze the content of TEN advertisements Research Paper

Analyze the content of TEN advertisements - Research Paper Example The paper "Analyze the content of TEN advertisements" analyzes ten articles. According to the theory, advertisements make people get addicted to unnecessary things and new habits. The second advertisement is that of Ford Mustang 2013. This advertisement lasts nearly 2 minutes and it appeared on television. In the advertisement, the new Ford Mustang 2013 runs down a beautiful street which is full of beautiful people. As the car moves, all people including children watch with admiration. In issues like that of Ford Mustang, one can apply the theory of Interractionism too. According to this theory, (as cited in Herman & Reynolds, 1994, p. 25) the advertisements create a virtual world of modern self. This helps create a new need to buy the new products. In the case of Ford Mustang 2013, the advertisement shows that people watch the new product with admiration. Thus, the viewer develops the feeling that getting that model is a necessary step to get admiration in society. Coca Cola adverti sement is the third one. It appeared on television and it lasts nearly two minutes. The advertisement starts when a young guy inserts a coin in the cola vending machine. The coin initiates a series of events inside the machine in which unnatural creatures fill cola in the bottle in an unnatural place and finally the bottle is handed over to the guy. Evidently the advertisement is capitalizing on the mystery regarding the preparation of coca cola. Admittedly, various rumors regarding the mystery of cola’s preparation can be a weakness. ... However, in the above stated ad of Coca Cola, one can see the art of capitalizing on the so called weakness. 4. Woman’s Horlicks is the third important advertisement. This advertisement is on print media. The advertisement shows a jar in the shape of a woman. The advertisement reads: â€Å"Your husband needs you, your children need you, your family needs you, your neighbors need you, your pets need you, your plants need you.† And the final statement goes: â€Å"And your health needs you.† Thereafter the advertisement contains extensive information about the nutrition content of the supplement. Here, it seems that one should think about the influence of sociological images to understand the importance of this advertisement. In the case of people, always ‘seeing is believing.’ That means through compelling images and statements, it is possible to develop the sociological imagination of people. A woman finds the advertisement of Horlicks something like a wake-up call. 5. The fifth advertisement is that of Nike. It appeared on print media. The advertisement shows a cheetah running at high speed. The cheetah has the trade mark of Nike on its belly. The heading of the advertisement reads: â€Å"What is the secret of this speed?† At the left bottom of the advertisement, it reads: â€Å"Ask the master.† And the right bottom of the advertisement shows the name of Nike and its trademark. The advertisement wants to compare Nike with the fastest animal on earth. In this case, the study by Lutz and Lutz (1977) seems useful. The study proves that interactive picture sequences have the power to enhance subsequent item recognition. When

Electronic Methods of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Electronic Methods of Communication - Essay Example By thoroughly discussing these four questions, we can come to a more critical and intellectual viewpoint on this subject matter. The aim of this paper is to thoroughly discuss all of this, as well as any key elements which are in relation to this issue. This is what will be dissertated in the following. A virtual office is a location which allows many people doing business to share an office address and business machines, and is a facility which often includes such things as receptionists, mail support, telephone banks, fax machines, copiers, computers, and sometimes even call answering services. With the technology currently available, business can be conducted easily from basically anywhere. The virtual office is considered as being easily one of the most important applications of the Internet, although its recognition is surely lacking. The Internet is easily the most popular communication tool which is completely changing the entire concept of what it means to be an agency. "The key to making an office virtual is enabling everyone in the agency to be able to work together as smoothly as they would if they were all physically in the same place. The Internet is beginning to make this type of integration possible because it allows rapid, low-cost communication between individual u sers and businesses." (Anderson, 2000). The virtual office is certainly a thing of popularity and efficiency; however, not everyone is a candidate for working in a virtual environment. This type of setting requires a special type of person in order to function properly; the person has to be able to work from home, and a special kind of manager is also required to effectively manage virtual employees. Largely as a result of the falling price of telecommunications and the increased sophistication of such things as relevant technology, all businesses, regardless of size, are suddenly able to take advantage of global efficiencies that were once available only to large corporations and multi-nationals. "There are a number of implications of decentralization. The integrity of corporate data can be compromised in the absence of strong data management and storage policies. The inevitable proliferation of duplicated data sent over public networks to individuals or offices in remote locations also presents significant security risks. The management of outsourced services (with well defined service level agreements) requires a different approach to those supplied from in-house, and is likely to be even more challenging when services are undertaken in a different country. Differences in culture, time zone, standards, legislation and language are the obvious ones. Deficiencies in any of these areas can lead to reputation risks as well as increasing the costs of compliance." (Evans, 2006). Is Personal Contact Even Necessary at This Point In regards to technologically speaking, it appears rather obvious that personal contact is in fact unnecessarily in most cases. However, a matter of a related issue is that of is

Position paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Position paper - Essay Example s the male body† is also talking about these learned assumptions of individuals when they perceive certain images specifically when they look at advertisements. However, Border argues that trends are changing but she also affirms that this is how people perceive certain aspects in society with false assumptions without relating it to the true meaning of those images. In short, it is seen that every image has emotional effects on an individual as well on the society and Berger and Border are providing strong arguments on this assertion so that people are made aware of looking the images in a new light in order to see the true meaning behind the content. John Berger in his book, â€Å"Ways of seeing† argues that the meaning of images and pictures, which are reproduced, have become smeared and distorted and the technology has affected an individual’s mind in perceiving images. According to him, people are adapting to the changes subconsciously without looking at its originality. He further argues that a distorted perception of a particular image loses its meaning (Berger). Berger states â€Å"The way we see things is affected by what we know or what we believe in† (Berger p.141) which means people while looking at any image presume what it is depicting without further knowledge of its existence. Berger describes in his book that there are many paintings present around old cathedral. These paintings were hard to reproduce. Most of the people perceive them as an addition of colors around that area and fail to acknowledge its presence, which indicated that those paintings were actually part of the room. In the same way, he mentions that when people go to Louve to look at the painting of Mona Lisa, they only perceive it as looking at the painting by Leonardo da Vinci and do not know its significance and worth when the painter designed it. Likewise, when people go to the National Gallery in London to look at the virgin of the Rocks another painting of Leonardo da

Breast cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Breast cancer - Essay Example The term metastatic is used when breast malignancy spreads to additional sections of the body (National Cancer Institute, 4). When 15 -20 per cent of the tumors shows a strong presence of the HER2, the condition is referred to as HER2 positive breast cancer. When this cancer is not treated, then extremely poor prognosis which leaves fast time to lapse or progression compared to HER2 negative breast cancer. Breast cancer happens to be the most common and prevalent cancer among women in the entire world (Hoffmann, 2). About 1.5 million cases are reported every year. These are new cases, leaving a chance form other million of cases which go unreported. Men can also be diagnosed with breast cancer although in extremely rare cases. Breast cancer among men accounts for less that 1 per cent in the world. Breast cancer has got many risk factors. The majority cases of breast cancer are reported among women who are above 50 years. The cancer is known to occur is families with a history of the cancer (National Cancer Institute, 4). It is also common in the late cases of the first pregnancy and among kinsfolk with a history of benign breasts ailments and diseases. A long menstrual life, which leads to a prolonged exposure to hormones, is classified as a risk factor to this devastating disease. Furthermore, the use of hormone replacement therapy which occurs often after menopause is viewed as another way of exposing the body the hormones making it vulnerable to breast cancer (Hoffmann, 2). Lifestyle risk factors are viewed as weighty reasons, which when, checked can help control the disease. They include physical inactivity and high alcohol intake. Being obese or overweight after menopause and a high fat diet is classified as lifestyle risk factors. In order to identify these risk factors, there are many epidemiological research and studies. However, having one or several risk factors does not mean that one has the disease. These are cases where the victims of breast cancer fail to show any risk factors (National Cancer Institute, 4). In the early stages of breast cancer, there are no symptoms. However, some of the known symptoms include changes in the nipple. This can lead to unusual secretion of discharge (National Cancer Institute, 4). This can also be accompanied by rashes around the nipple area. Another symptom is the change in shape or size of the breast. The most commonly known symptom is a hard lump that develops in the armpit of breast. This lump occurs on one side of the breast or the armpit (National Cancer Institute, 4). Changes in the skin are also a common symptom. This may lead to redness, dimples and puckering. There are a number of treatments associated with breast cancer (Hoffmann, 2). They include radiotherapy, surgery, hormonal therapies and chemotherapy. The use of these therapies is not standardized. They can be used alone or combined depending on the stage of breast cancer. The surgery includes mastectomy or lumpectomy. This is the best option or treatment among the patients whose cancer has not spread to other body parts. Some of the most vulnerable parts, when the cancer begins to spread included the lungs and chest walls. Radiotherapy is therapy with radiation which is directed to the place of the tumor, and it may be used on top of surgery. The effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is to lessen the probability of recurrent cancer. The treatment given after surgery is known as adjuvant therapy. Neo adjuvant therapy is a situation

Sleep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sleep - Essay Example There are some health effects of sleep which are very imperative to consider and comprehend. These include the fact that sleep is very directly linked with the overall health and quality of life of individuals under discussion. It is a well-known fact that restoration, growth and development come about when a person is sleeping in a deep manner. This goes to suggest how important deep sleep is to human beings. The resistance to viral infections is increased and the natural immunity within the human body becomes better. Since lack of sleep may mean breakdown in the human body’s health processes, researchers and medical practitioners are against this dictum adopted by a few people. When it comes to classification of sleep, there are two tangents which come under it. One is the sleep deprivation and the other – sleep debt. Sleep deprivation looks at the utter lack of time required for sufficient sleep. This is ideally a condition that would affect in impairing physical, em otional as well as cognitive working of the human body. On the other hand, sleep debt is essentially the variation in the time between the attained sleep and the sleep which is required to maintain alert wakefulness, most of which comes about during the day. Lack of proper sleep measures can lead to a number of disorders in the human body. These are linked up with some serious mental as well as physical health considerations. Some of these include the mental health disparities, obesity and overweight patterns in the human body, cardiovascular issues, immunological disorders, respiratory problems, endocrine concerns, metabolic diseases and a number of other ailments which keep on happening within the human body. The need is to comprehend how important sleep is and give it the priority that it richly deserves. It will solve quite a few issues during the daytime as well as keep the person alert. Some of the common sleep disorders include dyssomnias and parasomnias. Dyssomnia usually in cludes within its fore the insomnia, sleep paralysis, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome and the Circadian Rhythm sleep disorder. Parasomnia takes into account the REM behavior disorder, the night eating syndrome, the nocturnal eating disorder, sleepwalking issue, sleep terror disorder, sexomnia and the nightmare disorder. There are gender differences also existent within sleep that need to be given significance. These differences come about when a child is merely 6 months old. It has been researched that women usually have more relaxed sleep when compared to men. Also it has been noticed that women take less sleep than men while the latter have more rapid eye movements during sleep. In the same footing, men usually experience a decline in slow wave sleep which happens earlier but takes place quicker than women. Hence men tend to sleep well as compared to women for a number of scientific reasons. In order to attain a good night’s sleep, it is importa nt to have a proper sleep schedule in place. It is usually a common phrase ‘early to bed, early to rise – makes you healthy, wealthy and wise’. One can learn quite a few things from this phrase as it sums up nearly all the concerns which sleep can address, not only in the present times but also in the future. A sleep friendly environment is the key to having a good night’s sleep because it usually tells the person that he is safe, sound