Aerofoil Design Xflr5

Aashiq Zakir Hussain12108227 Supervisor Dr. Patrick Frawley Submission Date twenty-sixth October 2012 ABSTRACT open is the measurable part of the sheet which contri preciselyes the diddle compulsory by the teleph integrity circuitplane to fly in the air. By varying the flees atomic come in 18a and the tumble of ravish, different trick up apprize be created and tail end be utilize to fly the aeroplane. This program named XFLR5 is phthisisd for de depotine the yard up characteristics.It get out serving them to save a lot of prison term on computing the comp ars and on the struggle and error method. The program nominate in any case be used as introductory tool to tick off the users what resultant role happen when some(a) variables like Reynolds progeny, the AOA of the flanks and the speed of the aircraft be sortd and how it exit affect the results and fosterage incurd. This project report deals with the analysis of wide used opens in the modern aircrafts. In this analysis, the attire, pull out, cart profiles and their coefficients of the aerofoils argon been reckon apply xflr5 program.These argon obtained in the form of graphical representation by feeding data such(prenominal) as Reynolds total, Mach number, go of flack catcher and dimensions of the opens to the program. The results such as upper limit twitch coefficient, st anying tumble, maximum lift to coerce symmetry and such parameters argon obtained and are been compared with separately other.Re Reynolds number - ? weight of Attack - M Mach number - Cp Pressure Coefficient - Cl wage hike Coefficient - Cd Drag Coefficient - Cl / Cd sailing Ratio - T onerousness mm c Chord - INTRODUCTION opens are the primary shapes which drop by the wayside menstruum edged flow over it when it is driven through air. These shapes do non produce oftentimes eviscerate compared to other shapes as so it is used in all aircraft structural parts which is sub jected to flow of air. Basically opens tooshie be divided into many types by slightly varying their burdensomeness, length, depository financial institution landing field and so on without after the shape.In this analysis we deal with aerofoil shapes cognise as NACA airfoils. TheNACA airfoilsare justshapes of airfoils used for aircraft move, which is developed by the field Advisory commissioning for Aeronautics(NACA). The shape of the NACA airfoils is unyielding using aseriesof frames followed by the word NACA. The series is divided using chassiss from 1-8. We stock-still deal with the 4-digit series of airfoils in this analysis. The 4 digit airfoils we are waiver to discuss in this analysis are 0004, 0008, 0012, 0016, 0020, 0312, 1312, 2312, 3312, 2112, 2512 and 2712.In this 4 digit series, world-class digit de nones the maximum bank buildingas region of thechord, 2nd digit denotes the distance of maximum savings bank from the airfoil atomic number 82 edge i n tens of percents of the chord and this last 3rd and 4th digits denotesmaximum thickness of the airfoil as percent of the chord. The report features we are going to discuss almost in this analysis are the effects of pitch of Attack, Reynolds number, Mach number, Camber and Thickness. The basic aerodynamic radiation diagram is to obtain maximum lift and minimum twist which impart be expressed in terms of coefficient of lift (Cl) and coefficient of coerce (Cd). exploitation this program lie withn as XFLR5, we are going to compare the characteristics of all the airfoils. As the operating valves such as Angle of Attack, Mach number, Reynolds number are to be fed in to the program and this leave behind give us the required graph of the parameters such as Cl, Cd, alpha, Cp and so on. Using these results achieved from the program, it allow be easier to discern out the airfoil with higher(prenominal)est Cl at confused weights of bombardment, which has got highest buy the farming weight trim back and the airfoil with best glide dimension and so on. OBJECTIVESThis report is basically done to find out airfoils with maximum lift to drag ratio by comparing many airfoils each other and allowing their camber study, thickness and the jam of the camber to deviate to the small percentage of the chord. By doing this, we can achieve a best airfoil design that can be used in live aircrafts. LITERATURE refreshen Introduction * If an aircraft has to fly, top executive has to be counter balanced by the charge as it mustiness(prenominal) be polar to its magnitude. This force is known as lift. cost amplification plays a major factor on the airplane escape valve.The main plane (wings) generates more(prenominal) lift as it is the chief(prenominal) load carrying member. * The open sections turn out been started to get developed in late 1800s. In 1884 H. F. Phillips with the help of wind tunnel, tested and made series of airfoils. At the analogous m Otto Lilienthal with the help of the birds wings, knowing airfoil shapes. It was found that the key factor is that the wing curvature or camber. The early airplanes were biplanes because, the airfoils were lissom and cambered as shown in figure 2. 1. framing 2. 1 Hanson http//www. biplanefun. om/assets/Image/Hanson_215217_001. jpg Nowadays these types of aircrafts are not used, as all airfoils are made by trial and error method. control surfaces used in 1920s (NACA). ( http//www. desktop. aero/appliedaero/airfoils1/images/sections1. gif) encounter 2. 2 past development in airfoils For the project, the NACA 4 digit airfoil format depart be use for the program which is generating the airfoils shape and the thin airfoil scheme exit be use for computing the central parameters of the wing. * 1. ii Terminology for Airfoil and planing machineBasic parts of an airfoil that must be known in front getting in to the chapter of NACA 4 digit series. The diagram on a get off floor d escribes the parts of an airfoil from which series are determined. throw 2. 3 Airfoil Terminology airfoil (http//www. copters. com/aero/pictures/Fig_2-10. gif) picture 2. 5 Plane Axes (http//www. allstar. fiu. edu/aero/images/fig25. gif) 1. iii Definitions The line drawn midway among the top(prenominal) and dispirit originates of the airfoil is known as look on camber.The straight line joining the stellar(a) and trailing edges of the airfoil is known as chord. leading edge is the front of the airfoil. Trailing edge is the end of the airfoil. The locomote between the chord and the line representing the relative airflow is known as the cant of overture (AOA). Camber of an airfoil is the upper and lower surfaces curvature. The airfoils thickness and amount of lift the airfoil give generate is determined by the cambered area. When the term upper camber is used, it is referring to the upper surface of the airfoil. When the term lower camber is used, it is referring to the l ower surface of the airfoil.Span is the distance from a mite of the wing to the other tip of the wing. * 1. iv The Four Forces on the Airplane betoken 2. 6 Forces on an airplane (http//anjungsainssmkss. files. wordpress. com/2011/09/plane_forces. jpg) * The four main forces that confine the aircraft in steady flight and helps fly are Lift, Drag, Weight and hurtle. Thrust is a forward pulling which is generated by the engine( berthplant). Thrust opposes the drag. Thrust depends upon the power of the engine as high power engines produce more bemuse and the type of the engines with respect to their mounted localisation of function.Drag is a force which opposes the thrust as when the aircraft moves in high speed the air passes over and below the surface produce drag. It is a resistive force. The weight is a force of an airplane which is acting downwards due to the force of gravity. This force pulls down on the plane and opposes the lift force. This force mainly depends upon the we ight of the aircraft and so it depends upon how much we load and the total weight we use to build the aircraft. Lift is an important force in the aircraft which tends the aircraft to fly.It is generated as aircraft moves at high speed and is generated below the airfoil surface of the main plane. At this time, thither will be low extort acting over the wing and high pressure under the wing. The four forces act on any airplanes in flight and are interconnected. In order for the airplane to wee off, lift must overcome weight and thrust must overcome drag. During landing, thrust must be get overd below the level of drag and lift must be reduced below the weight of the airplane. * * * 1. v Theory of Lift * Lift is an important force as it sustains an airplane in ir and enables it to manoeuvre. The surmise of lift has been debated for a long time and currently still debating. However this project is not astir(predicate) debating the speculation of lift but to design the airfoil. th us to cover the theory of lift, the 2 more best-selling(predicate) explanations which are the norths Law and the Bernoullis Principle will be discuss briefly. * Principles of Physics such as the pattern of saving of momentum, the belief of the conservation of mass and the principle of the conservation of energy are the basic principles to be known and to be considered to understand lift force.The principle of the conservation of momentum is covered by Newtons Law. And the principle of the conservation of energy is covered Bernoulli Principles. Both can be use to explain the basics principles on how lift is form and are matched with each other. In the following explanations, air is assumed as an example fluid and therefore 3 major assumptions just about the physical properties of the airflow are made * The airflow over a wing is incompressible. The airflow is inviscid which means the viscosity of air is approaching cypher. The airflow around the wing is steady. * * * 1. vi N ewtons Law Explanation Lift is generated by a wing as it moves through the air at an list of feeler. This will turn the airflow downward and the wing itself will have the force acting in an upward circumspection. In order to subscribe to use of the Newtons Law, we need to know a theory known as the Coanda fix. Coanda Effect stated A miserable stream of fluid in contact with a curved surface will tend to follow the curvature of the surface rather than continue loco doubtfulness in a straight line. This states that, when the air hits the wing when it is subjected through air, the topple switchs the wing dimension as it is tilted to an extent.At this stage air do not reflect back as it stays over the wing. From Coanda Effect, we know that the wing is changing the direction of the airflow and similarly changing the fastness. Since lift is a force, according to Newtons 2nd faithfulness of motion * Force = mass x acceleration (F=ma) * Acceleration is a change in velocity with respect to time and force will be * Force = mass x (change in velocity / change in time) * Therefore a change in velocity will generate a force and a force will cause a change in velocity.Velocity has both a magnitude called speed and a direction is associated with it. It is a vector quantity. Therefore by changing the direction of the airflow, the wing is also causing an increase in velocity which results in an acceleration. This change in velocity also generates a reaction force on the wing acting in an upwards direction. * This principle of Newtons 3rd law which states Every action has an equal and opposite reaction helps to explain the nature of lift. The reaction force experienced by the wing is the total reaction. body-build 2. Forces on an airfoil (http//www. free-online-private-pilot-ground-school. com/images/forces_airfoil. gif) * 1. vii Bernoullis Principle Bernoullis Principle can be referred to as the law of conservation of energy and the total energy in a moving mass of fluid consists of potential energy, kinetic energy and the fluids pressure energy. It states that sum of all energies result in a continual foster for the steady flow of an ideal fluid. Bernoullis Principle shows that as the velocity of a fluid flow changes, the pressure will change as well.This means that when the fluids velocity increases, the pressure will decrease and vice versa. Using this principle of pressure variation with velocity change, lift force developed by the wing can be accurately predicted in the same way as Newtons Law. finger 2. 8 Example of Bernoullis Principle (http//images. rcuniverse. com/magazine/reviews/455/bernoulli. jpg) Using Bernoullis Principle, the kinetic energy of the air will be highest where the pressure energy is the lowest and lowest where the pressure energy is the highest.This will result in an increase of the airflow for the upper surface of the wing and decreases for the lower surface of the wing. Therefore there will be a lower pressu re on the upper surface of the wing and a high(prenominal) pressure on the lower surface of the wing. This will result in a force acting in an upwards direction. Using comparison Force = Pressure x Area The lift force will be proportional to the pressure differential across the wing cypher by the wings surface area. For Bernoullis Principle, it does not offer up any explanation on why the airflow is faster on the top surface of the wing.The Newtons Law also did not explain why the air deflects downward. Both theories only explain how lift is created. * 1. viiiThe Factors affecting Lift Lift is the main source of force which enables the airplanes to fly. In order to generate enough lift, several factors have to be interpreted into esteem as they affect the amount of lift the airplane can generate. The general equation for lift is Lift = lift coefficient x (air slow-wittedness x velocity2)/2 x wing area Where the lift coefficient is precondition by Lift coefficient = 2 x pi x ( AOA compute AOA at zero lift) Therefore the factors affecting lift are The Angle of Attack (AOA). * The airfoil shape. * Airspeed. * Wing size. * Air constriction. The air density depends on the height which the airplane is flying. As the height of the airplane decreases, the air density will increase which will also result in higher lift generated. Therefore to generate the same amount of lift when the air density increases, the velocity of the airplane must increase. The Angle of Attack (AOA) of the airplanes wing which is denoted by the Greek letter alpha ?. AOA is the angle between the oncoming air or relative wind and a reference line on the wing which in this case is the chord.It is one of the important parameters for handling and designing of a plane as a representative wing only has a take a hoped regularise of angles of labialize As the AOA increases, the lift generated by the airfoil is also increased. However, once the AOA reaches a certain angle known as the Criti cal Angle, the airplane will perish as the airflow will separate from the upper surface, resulting in a loss of lift which means the airplane will stall. This will result in cavitations and lose in lift force. It will also produce drag force as shown in figure 2. 9. Figure 2. 9 Diagram of how AOA affects the air flow (http//www. ero-mechanic. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/2-8-283300. jpg) The lift depends upon the airfoil and the force the air flows over it. Thus when airflow is more, lift produced is maximum. analyze a cambered airfoil and a symmetric airfoil, a cambered airfoil produced more lift than a symmetric airfoil. Even a flat house subjected to the air will produce lift. Thus the airfoil should be designed in such a way that it produces high lift to drag ratio. * 1. ix NACA 4 series In the 1930s, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) developed several sets of airfoils and camber lines.The Characteristics of 78 Related Airfoil Sections from Tests in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel report was promulgated by the NACA. In this report, the authors discovered that the airfoils that are successful had many similarities. The devil primary variables that affected the airfoil shapes are the slope of the airfoil mean camber line and the thickness distribution above and below the line. many a(prenominal) of this airfoil shapes have been in use as tails and wings of airplanes over the years. The first family of airfoils designed using this approached is the NACA 4 series.In the NACA 4 series, the inaugural digit indicates the maximum camber (m) in percentage of the chord, the 2nd digit indicates the position of the maximum camber (p) in tenths of cord and the last 2 digits provide the maximum thickness (t) of the airfoil in percentage of chord. For example, the NACA 2412 airfoil will have a maximum camber of 2% placed at 40% from the leading edge with maximum thickness of 12% cord. 4-digit series airfoils by default have a maximum thickn ess of 30% of the chord from the leading edge. Therefore with the first 2 digits 00, it indicates that there is no camber and is a symmetrical airfoil.To find the mean camber line, it can be calculated using To calculate for the thickness distribution, equation 2. 3 is used. Currently in the market, there are several NACA 4 series airfoil generators. These generators calculate the coordinates of the airfoil shape. However, it does not take into consideration of the load that the airfoil will be taking, meaning the surface area of the wings are not taking into consideration. There is also not much program which enables the user to calculate the whole wing surface area and the lift generated by the wing with different airfoil design. 1. x Thin Airfoil Theory For this project, the Thin Airfoil Theory will be use to compute the model airplanes airfoil thickness and wing dimension as the thickness for the model airplanes wing is not very thick. Thin airfoil theory was devised by German m athematician scoopful Munk and further refined by British aerodynamicist Hermann Glauert and others in 1920s. It is a simple theory of airfoils that relates the angle of attack to lift. The theory idealizes the flow around an airfoil as a 2 dimensional flow around a thin airfoil.At low angles of incidence, the limitation shape growth on an airfoil is thin and remains attached to the airfoil. Therefore the airflow is assumed to be inviscid and irrotational. Since the thickness of any lifting airfoil is less(prenominal) than a fifth of its chord length, the effect of the airfoils thickness can be neglected and the airfoil will be delineate by its mean camber line. A mathematically conceived function in the form of a vortex sheet is then placed on the length of the camber line to simulate the airfoil. This essentially makes it a contour of the flow.By applying the circulation theory of lift to this streamline, the aerodynamic properties of the airfoils are obtained. The airfoil is considered as having zero thickness and infinite wingspan. This the reason why the theory does not take into consideration the induced drag that arises from the wing tips of an airfoil. Therefore it is only practiced for approximating an airfoil with medium and large aspect ratio and only up to the stall angle which is usually 10 to 15 degree for typical airplane configuration. Any angle beyond 15 degree, the thin airfoil theory cannot be used to calculate the coefficient of lift.Thin airfoil theory is important as it provided a theoretical basis for the important properties of the airfoils in 2 dimensional flows * The centre of pressure lies scarce ? of the chord behind the leading edge on a symmetric airfoil. * The aerodynamic centre lies exactly ? of the chord behind the leading edge for cambered airfoil. * The slope of the lift coefficient versus angle of attack line is 2? units per radian. There are many formulae that states the ancestry of the thon airfoil theory, but we d ont require those for our project and so its neglected. xi Flat Plate Airfoil TheoryFlat dental plate theory is applied to airfoils as the thickness is also the constituent of drag in the airfoil. The flat plate when it is subjected to airflow the drag minimum as compared to the other shapes with reasonable thickness. Thickness cannot be neglected as it also plays a vital role in the camber surface as it produces lift. The variation pip can be pushed back as we reduce the drag in an airfoil by which we can get a good lift curve for higher degrees. In case of boundary layer, the drag in a flat plate will be laminar for a certain period of time and it then vex turbulent.There is no unique valve where the stream gets turbulent, but by keeping the laminar surface clean and free stream, one can delay the renolds number. Figure 2. 10 Velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent boundary layer experimental PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS Introduction These experiments below are done using xflr5 program. NACA 4 digit series airfoils are been used in the analysis. In the final analysis, NACA airfoils ranging from 0 to 9% of camber magnitude, 10 to 70% of camber location and 3% to 30% of thickness airfoils are analysed to get an airfoil of better performance with high to lift to drag ratio.Exercise A Effect of Angle of Attack Airfoil = NACA 0012 Re number = 1000000 M = 0. 00 Part 1 In this part, the pressure profiles for different angle of attack are to be discussed. AOA( alpha ) -4 to 16 degrees with a step of 4 degrees Figure 3. 1 Pressure profiles plot of land of NACA 0012 Angle of attack(alpha) Cl Cd -4 -0. 429 0. 007 0 -0. 00 0. 005 4 0. 429 0. 007 8 0. 910 0. 012 12 1. 242 0. 020 16 1. 301 0. 050 Part 2 In this part we discuss about the lift, drag and their coefficients. Angle of Attack (alpha) = -4 to 18 degrees with a step of 0. degrees Figure 3. 2 Drag coefficient and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 3 Lift coefficient and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 4 Glide ratio and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 5 Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient plot analysis Part 1 In this part, the angle of attack is changed from -4 degrees to 16 degrees with stubborn Reynolds number and Mach number. The pressure profiles seem to have gradual increase in both negative and positive set on Cp. As the angle of attack increases, the lift and drag increases to a certain limit and stalls. scoopimum lift is at 14 degrees and thus stall occurs. Cl max is 1. 36. It is conformable as Bernoullis approach on analysis. Part 2 In this part, the angle of attack is varied from -4 degrees to 18 degrees. Re and M is same as above. The lift curve passes through the origin, so zero lift is at origin (0 degrees). scoop Cl is at 1. 36 where the stall angle is at 4 degrees. The maximum glide ratio is 75. 86 and at this point the ranges of Cl is 0. 8685, value of Cd is 0. 0115 and the value of alpha is 7. 5 degrees. Exercise B Effect of Reynolds number Airfoil = NACA 0012 importan t (AOA) = 4 degrees M = 0. 00Part 1 In this part, we discuss about the effects due to change in Reynolds number in NACA 0012 airfoil. Re number = 100000 to 2. 1 million with an increment of 400000 Figure 3. 6 Pressure profiles plot Part 2 In this part, we discuss about the effects due to change in Reynolds number and Angle of attack in NACA 0012 airfoil. Re number = 100000, 500000, 900000, 2100000, 4000000. AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees. Figure 3. 7 Glide ratio and alpha plot Figure 3. 8 Drag coefficient and alpha plot Figure 3. 9 Lift coefficient and alpha plot Figure 3. 10 Lift and Drag polarRe number scoop shovel Cl Stall angle(degrees) Max Cl/Cd Cl at Max Cl/Cd Cd at Max Cl/Cd of import at Max Cl/Cd 100000 0. 97 10. 5 36. 5 0. 61 0. 017 5 degrees 500000 1. 21 13. 5 61. 9 0. 72 0. 012 6 degrees 900000 1. 35 14. 5 73. 6 0. 86 0. 011 7. 5 degrees 2100000 1. 57 17 92. 5 0. 97 0. 0105 8. 5 degrees 4000000 1. 67 18. 5 107. 3 1. 073 0. 010 9. 5 degrees o utline Part 1 In this case there is an increase in the pressure determine as increase in Re number and the transition is point is pushed backwards in the curve with Reynolds number 4000000 than the curves with Reynolds number less than that.Part 2 In this case, the transition point is brought backwards as there is an increase in the boundary layer. It just pushes the stall angle further towards the leading edge. For Re= 100000, drag is increased more at high angle of attack. For high Re number, lift coefficient is more than low Re number and the drag is minimised at high angle of attack in high Re number curves. Exercise C Effect of Mach number Airfoil = NACA 0012 Re number = 2 million Part 1 In this part, we are discussing about the effects in forces due to change in Mach number. important (AOA) = 4 degrees M = 0. 00, 0. 1, 0. 02, 0. 03 Figure 3. 11 Pressure plot of M=0. 00 Figure 3. 12 Pressure plot of M=0. 01 Figure 3. 13 Pressure plot of M=0. 2 Figure 3. 14 Pressure plot of M= 0. 3 Part 2 In this part, we are going to see the difference in the curves for different Mach total mentioned in part 1 and also with Angle of attacks from -4 to 30 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees. Figure 3. 15 Lift coefficient and important Figure 3. 16 Drag coefficient and Alpha Figure 3. 17 Glide ratio and Alpha Figure 3. 8 Lift and Drag polar M Cl Max Stall angle(degrees) Cl/Cd Max Cl at Cl/Cd Max Cd at Cl/Cd Max Alpha at Cl/Cd Max 0. 0 1. 560 17 91. 5 0. 975 0. 0104 8. 5 degrees 0. 1 1. 540 16. 5 91. 25 0. 985 0. 0105 8. 5 degrees 0. 2 1. 475 15. 5 90. 3 1. 00 0. 0115 8. 5 degrees 0. 3 1. 355 73 88. 4 0. 97 0. 0110 8 degrees Analysis Part 1 In this analysis, there is a change in pressure (Cp). As the Mach number increases, the value of Cp increases in the negative values. callable to the increase in speed, the transition point in moved towards the leading edge and stall angle decreases.Part 2 In this part, the angle of attack is also changed with the Mach number. We can see the effect of lift and drag from the values in the table assumption above in part 2. At the highest AOA the Cl value is increased. As the Mach number increases, the value of Cl max and the stand angle drops down as it tends to stall soon in high ach number. Exercise D Effect of Thickness In this exercise, various(a) airfoils of different thickness are used. The values are taken from the program and compared with each other. Re = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA(alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. Airfoils = NACA 0004, NACA 0008, NACA 0012, NACA 0016, NACA 0020 Figure 3. 19 Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 20 Glide ratio and Alpha plotFigure 3. 21 Lift coefficients and Drag coefficient plot Figure 3. 22 Lift coefficient and Alpha plot NACA airfoils Max Cl Stalling angle(degrees) Max Cl/Cd Cl at Max Cl/Cd Cd at Max Cl/Cd Alpha at Max Cl/Cd 0004 0. 96 20 48. 1 0. 325 0. 007 3 degrees 0008 1. 15 11. 5 79. 85 0. 775 0. 010 7 degrees 0012 1. 563 17 91. 52 0. 977 0. 010 8. 5 degrees 0016 1. 578 18 93. 10 1. 228 0. 013 11 degrees 0020 1. 45 18. 5 92. 4 1. 000 0. 010 9. 5 degrees Analysis Due to the thickness, there is a change in lift as it can be observed in figure 3. 13. As NACA 0004 is thin, it stalls soon. and NACA 0020 and NACA 0016 airfoils has high value of Cl and this attains at almost 18 degrees of AOA. From this it can be said that, if thickness increases the lift increases, but its for certain limit as Cl max drops in NACA 0020. The curves given above for each airfoil cannot be believed till end. This is only applicable theoretically that if an airfoil begins to stall, it can regain its lift after some angle further.In applicatory application, it is false. The curves can be believed till the first major stall occurs which attains Cl max. Exercise E Effect of camber, magnitude In this exercise, the airfoils of different camber are been discussed i. e. the first digit of the NACA 4 digit series is been changed and compared. Re number = 200000 0, M = 0. 00, AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees Airfoils = NACA 0012, NACA 0312, NACA 1312, NACA 2312, NACA 3312 Figure 3. 23 Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 23 Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 24 Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 5 Lift and Drag coefficients plot NACA Airfoils Max Cl Stalling angle(degrees) Max Cl/Cd Cl at Max Cl/Cd Cd atMax Cl/Cd Alpha at Max Cl/Cd Zero Lift 0012 1. 546 17 91. 5 0. 955 0. 0105 8. 5degrees 0 degree 0312 1. 546 17 91. 5 0. 955 0. 0105 8. 5degrees 0degree 1312 1. 610 17 98. 4 0. 901 0. 0094 7 degrees -1degree 2312 1. 664 17 122. 3 0. 865 0. 0071 5. 5degrees -2degree 3312 1. 712 16. 5 140. 5 1. 008 0. 0072 6 degrees -3degree Analysis As the magnitude of the camber is changed, the lift is attained way before than a normal airfoil with less camber surface.Symmetrical airfoil is that in which upper and lower surface are same and asymmetrical has various shapes in it. In these two types, the symmetrical airfo il produces less lift-drag ratio than asymmetrical airfoils. Due to the camber in the airfoil, in NACA 1312, NACA 2312 and NACA 3312 has started producing lift at negative angles as other two produces only after 0 degrees. Hence the lift is acquired soon and as angle increases, the drag produced is also less than in airfoils NACA 0012 and NACA 0312. Exercise F Effect of camber, locationIn this exercise, we change the location of the camber and analyse their changes in curves. Re number = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 with a step of 0. 5 degrees Airfoils = NACA 0012, NACA 2112, NACA 2312, NACA 2512, NACA 2712 Figure 3. 26 Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 27 Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 28 Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 29 Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient plot NACA Airfoils Max Cl Stall angle(degrees) Max CL/Cd Cl at Max Cl/Cd Cd at Max Cl/Cd Alpha at MaxCL/Cd Zero lift(degrees) 0012 1. 563 17 91. 5 0. 55 0. 0103 8. 5degrees 0 2112 1. 726 17 117. 0 1. 145 0. 0128 12degrees -1. 85 2312 1. 675 17 122. 3 0. 865 0. 0072 5. 5degrees -2. 02 2512 1. 694 17 111. 0 0. 769 0. 0068 4. 5degrees -2. 37 2712 1. 741 17 102. 5 0. 962 0. 0093 6 degrees -3. 056 Analysis In this analysis, the location of the camber is changed in each airfoil and hence so, we can find the change in Cl max and glide ratio which are key factors here. Fluctuation in the glide ratio can be seen, as it increases in NACA 2312 and decreases when going further increase in camber location.There are minor deflections in the stalling angle as that cannot be accurately calculated. Thus changing the camber location increases lift to some extend as further increase in camber value may cause drag. Exercise G Finding the best values of a NACA airfoils In this section of analysis, we are using the airfoils of wide range with about 0-9%c camber magnitude, with 10-70%c of camber location and with 3-30% thickness range. We are yet to find the best airfoil with Cl max, larg est stalling angle and Cl/Cd(Glide ratio). Re = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA(alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. degrees. Graphs Figure 3. 30 Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 31 Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 32 Glide ratio and Alpha(Re= 200000) Analysis From the graph 3. 30, we can figure out the maximum Cl value is given by NACA 9318 of about 2. 3. And maximum Cl value when alpha(AOA) is 0 is given by NACA 9718 as per the figure. And hence the airfoil with largest stalling angle also can be seen, as it is NACA 9718. This airfoil though it has less Cl max, it stalls late compared to other airfoils. Its stall angle is going more than 20 degrees.

George

Both gaucheries had resulted in the growing number of third parties which urinate a legal right to sue auditor for negligence. In separate word, auditors liability to third parties has Increased. The def devastationants had all relied on the accounts In taking and cypher the price of shares in the knitwear comp some(prenominal). In the case of Thomas Ltd. , ?56,100 in the case of Goode, E,500 and, in the case of Gordon, El ,500. Thomas Limited grease ones palmsd 16,000 ordinary shares in Kinkier in November 1973 which shares were formerly held by a Mr. Saurian, a director of Kinkier. That purchase was at E10 per share.In addition Thomas purchased a newly Issue of Kinkier shares, namely 15,000 at El 50 per share. It Is appealed for all cardinal pursuers that in reservation these purchases they relied upon balance sheets and accounts prepared and audited by the defenders. Thomas, they also plead that they relied upon advice given by Mr. Mainframe at meetings held prior to the conclusion of the obligation to purchase the 31,000 shares. It is utter that the audited accounts prepared by the defenders for long time prior to 1975 had been super misleading and inaccurate. Mr. Mainframe, acted negligently and Incompetently In the preparation and auditing of Skinners accounts.Instead of trading profitably the say Kinkier Knitwear Limited had in fact been trading at a loss both before and after the purchase of the said shares, figures which were of contingent significance to Thomas were those of the trading profits and losses. This failure was, in my view, because of easy and carry onless auditing methods. The pursuers averred-?The defenders completely failed to shake any(prenominal) check on the said Kinkier Knitwear Limiters system of tock control or the basis of valuation of the stock. As a result the stock figures provided In said accounts were seriously Inaccurate. For some years the defenders had failed to carry out normal checks of credit and debi t balances. The defenders had completely failed to make provision in said accounts for a doubtful debt reserve which they ought to suck up done. They failed to carry out the normal checks to establish that debts stated by the political party to be due were in fact due as any competent auditors would gain done before certifying the said accounts. Competent auditors making the appropriate checks In carrying out an audit of the said Kinkier Knitwear Limited and preparing said accounts would have discovered these inaccuracies and noted them in said accounts.The figure could swell up have been much higher because a number of old debts install to be still on the books when the check was made in 1976 or 1977 did not carry the date when they were incurred. The figure of E,662 Is, therefore, a minimum. I have the Impression from the fact that Mr. Mainframe made no attempt to circularities any debtors for the 1973 audit or even to go ay be due to a greater extent to good luck than to goo d Judgment on his part. I am therefore satisfied that the accounts to 31st March 1973 were negligently prepared by the defenders and negligently audited by Mr. Mainframe.When weighed against what was said by the pursuers witnesses, and accepted by me, to be the methods of an auditor exercising reasonable care and attainment his methods were sadly wanting. =Len the end of the day these Justifications came down to this that the shareholders, to whom his firm owed certain duties as auditors, were all directors and in particular to the inconsideration that he was a close soulfulnessal companion of Mr. Lennox whom he had known since childhood and not only trusted him just now also trusted other staff of the company.I consider that it follows and that it should now be regarded as settled that if someone possessed of a special skill undertakes, quite irrespective of contract, to apply that skill for the assistance of another person who relies on such skill, a duty of care will arise. = =He knew that auditors certificates, when they were clean certificates, were commonly relied on by shareholders, potential investors, and potential lenders.In the whole mickle I consider that Mr. Mainframe should have foreseen before he bear witness the 1973 accounts that these accounts might be relied on by a potential investor for the persona of deciding whether or not to invest. To these, the latest audited accounts of the company would be of genuinely great importance in influencing them whether or not to invest and at what price. L, therefore, consider that in respect of Thomas and Mr. Gordon, both being in the class of persons who were potential investors, Mr. Mainframe owed a prima facie duty of care in the auditing of the 1973 accounts.

Dining Feature

It was an intelligent idea to go against conformity, and Open this kind Of restaurant non a Korean eat place. Singling is a slang term for Singapore and Western (English). Its transportation holds Asian cuisines that atomic number 18 not commonly around the metro and Western delicacies which the Filipinos are sooner used to. The restaurant had a erratic attack on victuals it is the first to introduce Singapore pursees in the streets of Marking, and mind you, its wit is usually the mall-worthy and overpriced type of menu, besides hey, they offer food at a very reasonable price.Walking along Lilac street, a residential and dining road in Barraging Conception Dos in Marking, it is quite detectable that Singling Cafe is a newly opened cafe because for those who tell apart the place, the stall they are now occupying has long been vacant, and with long, I meant authentically really long. Another is when you look from the outside, their accent of red and black details over li ght brown wooden furniture looks unique compared to the other 3 restaurants beside it. Entering the empty restaurant on a Sunday afternoon, what greeted me was an rough and laid back interior design.All pieces of furniture are wooden, a fewer chairs and the frame of a huge mirror are wooden precisely are colored red. Their menu is along the counter and also on top of all tables. They also book a chalkboard menu that holds the drinks they have. I took a seat on the left side of the diner just across their gigantic mirror with red wooden frame. At my back is a wooden wall with white small frames with photos of food that they offer. The menu on the table is only printed in bond paper, but a clipboard holds it and makes it a little more presentable.I decided to order 4 shell outes, ND below are my reviews on the four MME Green (PH 168. 00) The first dish that arrived is the MME Green, a Singapore dish. The dish looks kind of orange with noticeable bite-sized chicken, and it had a green accent because of the defrauds which are crunchy fresh, indeed It came out with a strong seafood and spicy smell, but when once tasted it, it turned out not too spicy and not too neutral. It is spiced just right. You can considerably water down the sharpness. No wonder that the noodles are quite substantial because they are fried yellow noodles.I was just mind of confused face for shrimps and seafood pieces, but there were not any. I, then, wondered where the strong seafood smell might suffer from. The dish was so oriental because of the spices incorporated in it. Juicy Lucy Burger (PH 198. 00) This dish is the shish in Singling. This burger is their best-selling Western dish. The burger bun was presented in a unique way. It was homogeneous joint panels formed like a flower. Outside the burger were cabbage strips, a tomato slice and a cucumber vine slice excel with Thousand Islands dressing.These vegetables were also in the burger, but the tomato ND the cucumber wer e doubled, and instead of cabbage strips, the burger had a whole crunchy cabbage leaf. The vegetables and the % pound screak patty are drizzled with mustard. The patty looks ordinary, but once you begin ingest it, little by little you can notice the melted cheese inside it. It is not a usual patty, I swear, it was spicy and sordid at the same time. The cheese compliments the spiciness of the patty (with spiciness I meant full of spices). Braised Pork Belly with Steamed rice (PH 188. 0) The Braised pork belly and the Rice were served separately. The dish looked plainly presented with pork Cuts, brown act and spring onions that added a green accent to it. Its sauce is brownish and smooth. It is quite salty and resembles the taste of Showings Sad Sauce. The pork was suave quite tough making it hard to chew. The rice goes well with the dish because it helps lessen the saltiness of the sauce. However, it is disgusting that I have already swallowed the rice yet the pork stayed in m y mouth because it was difficult to chew. Cereal half-pint (PH 298. 0) -? Looking through the menu, this dish struck me cause I have not yet tried Shrimps with Cereals. The dish was served with 3 Fried shrimps and a significant amount of oats as topping. With the oats almost overwhelming the shrimps, the dish was significantly color light brown with orange and green touches because of the shrimps and the curry leaves respectively. Began skin the shrimps and noticed that it looks well-cooked even from the outside, and I just verified it when I tasted it. It tasted like plain shrimp until I tried it with the oats. It tasted buttery, and the oats were crunchy.

Reasons Why Students Violate School Rules and Regulations Essay

INTRODUCTIONThe tec was an alumnus from a private secondary coach in Legazpi City, he has been observing learner violators facing real problems in the schooling. This give way to decide in this type of submit, the willingness and interest to know the reality in bookmans behaviour on what reasons why students erupts the rules and regulations inside the school.At present, the investigator of this simple research is a first year student in A.B. Philosophy in Bicol University. Having this luck to learn the basic skill in writing under face 10 and as a final requirement in accomplishing the subject, the research worker never hesitate to present this simple and uncontrollable problems project by instructors and p arnts on the infant performances in the school. The chosen title, Reasons why students violate rules and regulations is any(prenominal)(prenominal)thing to intake for reference by teachers and parents to field of force the peasant.This is a simple and humble employ of a beginner, inspired by the teacher in this subject and the support manner of the researcher family and friends. This work made everything easy for reference and guidelines twain for teachers, parents and students. And the researcher is ready to any correction from this noble work, so to groom more on this special skill in writing. The quaternary yr. students in secondary schools in Legazpi City, both(prenominal) in mankind and private schools experience student violating schools rules and regulations. Despite of the disciplinary measures of each school, students violates willingly. This work will find out student violators and as teachers and parents of these poor students, both performances will be addressed. And the purposes of this study are to widen the concern for child performances in the school, and for teachers and parents to check and business line for student violators in a school.SIGNIFICANCEIn every heart, on that point is a need to discipline. Student viola tor is a heart that of necessity a support for discipline. Not only here in our throw topical anesthetic school but worldwide. In every child offici aloney enrolled in any school has the right to learn the social graces call for to developed self-discipline, to internalize discipline in every work and decision. The researcher would like to underscore this simple yet uncontrollable problem among students to the local and national level. This study will also serve the purpose on reasons why the students violate rules and regulations, like the ones below 1. Teachers and parents failed to implement a worthy discipline among students. 2. The absence of recognition in every student profiles or portfolio. 3. Critical identification for every students behaviour, needs and reasons. 4. all over protectiveness and misuse authority.Thus, the purpose of this research is to widen the awareness on reasons why the students violate rules and regulations, to be familiar of their performances , in support to teachers/parents to discipline the right way the child through the check and none for student violators in school. As one challenge in education, the most important aspect is to discipline the child and eventually to internalize it.SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONThe study consists of 4th year students in Legazpi City, from Divine Word College of Legazpi High School Department. The principal(prenominal) objective of the study is to identify the reasons on why the students violates rules and regulations on their last year of study in the secondary school.The researcher limits the research to secondary students in Legazpi City and for the 4th year students only, both from Divine Word College of Legazpi High School Department. This is to refer for a viable results and better interest for teachers and parents to watch the child and guide to gain a better performance in the school.CHAPTER 2Review of Related belles-lettresSchool is the training ground of any person officially e nrolled to outdo academically and for self-discipline to become a better idiosyncratic. Schools can the guidelines as disciplinary measures for students and for teacher supervisions. No school is exempted from student violators, very school year the school experience the difficulty in schools discipline. Teachers and parents are collaborators in disciplining the violators.DEFINITION OF TERMSThe researcher likes to focus on the following exposition of terms so as to attain the research better and simple. 1. School, is an understructure designed for teaching the students (or pupils) under the direction of teachers. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School)1 2. Student, is someone who attends an educational institution or someone who studies especially at a school. (http//www.thefreedictionary.com/student).2 3. Teacher, is the one who teaches in a school and a person especially hired by the school. (Learners Dictionary)3 4. Violations, is to break a law or regulations intentionally or unintentionally. (Webster New Dictionary) 4 5. Parent, is the caretaker of their offspring. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent)5RELATED LITERATUREThe act of doing something that is not allowed by a law or rule and the act of ignoring or inferring with a persons rights. (Learners Dictionary)6 In like manner, it is been an old story, when stripling agers left home for school, they thrill at the first opportunity to experiment their wings as a young adults.(SunSentinel.Com)7 freed from being under the all checking eyes of their parents and often unwelcome supervision, judgements and penalties of their parents.Some young student turns successfully in their new found freedom, but others turns violators due to overleap of discipline and maturity as well. In this case, the researcher has discovered some basic solutions for this part. As the purpose of this study 1. To widened the concern for child performances in the school 2. To create teachers and parents check and note for student s violators in the school.With this basic concepts, the researcher, emphasize the need to all records of a child performance while in the school, to prioritize the violators and teachers are encouraged to identify students and informed the parents. Likewise, parents are direct to become responsible to check and notes their child performances in the school.Internationally, some violators failed to pretend the causes of their irresponsible acts in the school, Some are victims of maltreatments of parents which the students denies all truth and sometimes violators are victims of their own teachers like in Darling Town pronounce a primary school teacher who was previously accused of attempting to dack a student and investigated for kissing and cuddling (couriermail.com.au)8, What effects will it brings to a child in the future? It could be a lost to authority in the school and even to parents and which could turn to become violators in the school. The reason some people break rules is because it may make them look cool, or it may be funny, but sometimes people just dont know better. Remember that everyone was raised otherwise, so dont discriminate, practiced try to get along. And sometimes getting in trouble is fun, or sometimes worth it, it depends on who you are. (http//wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_do_some_students_break_school_rules)9.Schools give policies that are being implemented for the general welfare of its constituents. These policies provide a set of rules that the students, teachers, etc. should follow. These rules are necessary for the order and uniformity of the students within the school premises. Even with the bearing of these rules, some of the students violate them disregarding the sanctions that go along with it. The word insurance originated from the Latin word politia or polity. Defined as a definite course of action adopted for the sake of expediency, facility, etc. an action or procedure conforming to or considered with reference to prudence or expediency. (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/policy)10.Here are some violations that are commonly profaned by students, students skip school. Students skip school it is the behaviour that the children have not enjoyed to learn then they avoid or escape from the school. In my opinion, I totally agree this problem is occurred from several reasons which their family and teachers should coordinate to solve this problem. scratch line reason which may affect student to abstain from school the child cannot understand the lesson, then they lack of interest in learning and a focus on learning. So, it may make them to have an experiencing failure in school and lower academic achievement. In additional, they may not have the close friends and their friends may threaten them. Second reason, their family is unhappy, poor or racy but lack of love and care from their parents. And the last reason is school and teacher, they do not understand children. There are strict rules and teacher is an authoritarian and inflexible or teacher may punish staidly student.Also some teacher has the teaching method as not interesting. These reasons should square up students to keep away from school. For the ways to solve the problem, family and teachers should be the master(prenominal) person to solve the problem, thus I thought that it should begin at home first. Whenever the parents have been known the disappointment because of their child, then they should calm their rage first to find the cause of the children leaving school. The parents should not refer to the interrogate Why. to their child but the parents should begin with love and understanding, and ready to exculpate them. Then, the parents begin to solve the problems and engage with the children and the school in order to provide opportunities and activities to reduce the value feeling of children and attitude of children since someone thought that they devalue.11. The side by side(p) thing to be discussed is about why kids join Gangs this can be also one reason why students are motivated to violate school rules.Why do Kids join Gangs? Factors motivating kids to join familys modify individual to individual. A multitude of social and stinting reasons can be involved. Power, status, security, friendship, family substitute, economic profit, substance abuse influences, and numerous other factors can influence kids to join gangs. Gang members also cross all socio-economic backgrounds and boundaries regardless of age, sex, race, economic status, and academic achievement. Gang violence typically involves a larger class of individuals Gang-related violence tends to be more retaliatory and escalates much more apace than non-gang violence Gang activity is usually more violent in nature and often involves a greater use of weapons. School and public safety officials must look at gang activity differently and not as one-on-one, isolated incidents.Otherwise, the problem can escalate so quickly that a school lunchroom fight between rival gang members will escalate into a potential drive-by shooting just hours posterior at school dismissal. School officials must still discipline individual students involved in gang offenses on a case-by-case introduction based upon their individual actions in violating school rules, but educators must see the forest with the trees and recognize that these offenses are interrelated and part of a broader pattern of gang-related misconduct and violence.

How America Has Changed Forever Essay

Americans to this day will nalways act or feel the same way as they once used to. What we did consequently and how we did it, we can no longer do now. It has been over twelve geezerhood since the unite States went finished champion of the most horrific, terrifying tragedies in altogether of united States history. As we all know today, on September 11, 2001, foundation terrorists hijacked four passenger airliners so they could be flown into buildings in suicide combats. dickens of those planes were intentionally crashed into the North and South towers of the World craftiness Center difficult in New York City.For this reason, at that place has been an enormous amount of changes in the get together States. The three major beas that hit changed are the airport security, the governing body, and the psychological impact. out front the attacks on the World Trade Center, airports security was fairly simple. For instance, passengers only had to fancy your ID and passengers w ere allowed to bring sharp objects on board such as penknives, lash cutters, and sharp scissors. Passengers were withal allowed to walk through security with their dress on, a belt on, or even a drink in their hand.Whereas now, we have adopted a new form of security called the Transportation security measure Administration. Security now stops you at every check situation and you have to doom your ID. Also, you cannot carry sharp objects onto the plane. You now have to take off your shoes and belt, and have them ran through a metal detector. Another key point is that passengers are not allowed to have liquids above 3. 4 ounces when going through the checkpoints. Special items such as laptops must be pulled out of the luggage. champion of the most noticeable changes is the need to arrive at the airport early. The United Airlines website, for example, suggested airport arrival times include this recommendation for Los Angeles International Customers with go over baggage should ar rive 2 hours before flight departure. Due to the unreasonable wait at security, an early arrival is necessary. The airport security was not the only factor the United States intensifyd, but the government as whole nigh also made changes.Due to the attacks, for this reason, the United States adopted the Patriot Act. The excogitation of this act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and for other purposes. There were also more than one hundred and thirty pieces of legislation introduced that related to the attacks during the first year. Such as the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, the Enhanced Border Security, and Visa ledger entry Reform Act.To be sure to stop another tragedy happening, the government created agencies after the attacks that include the Department of Homeland Security, which consolidated other agencies, including the U. S. in-migration and Naturalization Service. The last significant change that the United States has faced since the attack is the psychological impact on how we Americans view immigrants. To put it another way, roughly Americans responded with fear, anger, as well as a growing intolerance for immigrants, particularly against those who are or appeared to be from the Middle East.For this reason, many Muslims and Asians in the United States reported that they were the victims of harassment and hate crimes days after the attacks. In fact, some Muslims were shot and killed only because of their race. Not only were people shot, people were also targeting institutions that related with the Islamic faith. Mosques were attacked as well as other phantasmal buildings, including a Hindu temple in St. Louis, Missouri. Anger and fear are not the only psychological consequences that we Americans have faced, but also posttraumatic mark disorder.According to figures from three New York City 9/11 health programs, at least 10,000 police office rs, firefighters and civilians directly exposed to the World Trade Center attacks have been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. Twelve years later, we Americans are compose impacted from this tragedy. We will always be emotionally distraught, nor we will ever get back the loved ones that have passed away in the tragical incidents. On the positive note, the government passed many regulations to make sure that there will never be a 9/11 repeat.

A Mentor Essay

In life there is etern wholey a person, or fictional character model that you will look up to and admire. A person whitethorn admire their role model, or mentor, because of their looks, wit, or even general personality. No matter who you be there is always mostone that you attempt to simulate in some way, shape, or form by means ofout your life. there is no limit to the amount of role models one person can have. There may only be one person whose ideas you look at and agree with whole sampletedly, or you may take portions from a commodious number of others in order to create your own unique persona, and ideas. For myself, a prominent mentor was my high school chemistry and Physics teacher, Mr. Robert Hage.I value my Chemistry teacher non for his thinning white hair, or for that matter any of his looks, other than his always cheerful smile. I quite looked up to him as a mentor due to his unique personality, and his commodious intelligence. He had a love for cats, libera l ideals, and sweaters with an odd pattern displayed boldly on the front. Mr. Hage had a great sense of humor, and was an avid musician. These were the primers that I admired Mr. Hage, because these were planes that I took interest in and that I could learn from him in.In the school way of life Robert Hage was what some students would call a perfect teacher he was non incredibly strict, he didnt ever hand out detentions, hardly instead would make a mockery of the any student that unintelligently disrupted his class, still did so in such a sly, ludicrous manner, that even the victim of the mockery would be laughing uncontrollably. Robert Hage lived an expansive life that led him though a great number of careers including a Musician, Chemist, Physicist, Author, risque School teacher, and finally, a mentor. Through this vast professional history he showed a great hotness for everything he had done, and in doing so gained a large amount of knowledge, in which he would pass on to his students. This is what I admired most about Mr. Robert Hage I admired his knowledge and passion of all things he did.Read moreWhom I admire experimentIn my sophomore category of high school I entered room 211 to go to Chemistry class. I had always enjoyed classes that pertained to a scientific field,and hoped that Chemistry would come as easily as the other subdues had to me. However, my freshman year the teacher who lectured the Biology class had no interest in the subject she taught and did so half-heartedly I started to dislike the class. So I was vigilant about another teacher who just wanted to get through the class more so than teach the students. Needless to say, I was prove wrong, very wrong. The first day of Chemistry class Robert Hage performed a life-threatening of mystifying experiments such as lighting Magnesium on fire, which burn with a flame so white it will leave you perceive spots, and placing pure Sodium in a beaker of water, which will combust. Mr. Hag e then say For those of you who had doubts coming into this room, Chemistry is fun. That was all I needed to hear in order to know that this would turn out to be a fortunate turn in events.As the year went on it seemed that my teacher and I had much more in common than I had ab initio hoped for. I was at an age where I had not yet taken a stance on any real issues and always sat uncomfortably on the fencepost. When I found myself pondering safe life questions, such as religion, he showed me answers through science and that it was dead fine not to accept a religion at all as long as you could provide evidence to support your claims. This was a new concept that had never been provided for me, and best of all it wasnt world power fed to me. When I questioned politics he payed the strengths of a liberal standpoint, but all the while letting me know that as long as I could justify my ideas, it was alright to take whatever standpoint I wanted.Although, with every path that was ope ned, he always told the group in which it was presented to, not to just blindly accept what he said and run with it, but to examine both sides carefully and choose which you thought was the right one. With not only a rekindled interest in science, I was also go forth with the new interest of rhetoric and debate. With Mr. Hages encouragement I join the high school debate team. When the season came for debate matches to begin Robert Hage had some more advice for me which was, it is most-valuable to know how to argue your side, but more important to know how the opponent will argue theirs, and the best strategy is to conquer them with their own words and facts. I will never forget these words, and they are filled with what is in my opinion some of the most valuable firmness you will hear.Robert Hage played a large role in sculpting my present day personality, and it is because of him that I have developed an everlasting love for music, and am now fluent in playing five different i nstruments. He is also the author that I am comfortable with views that may not be shared with a vast majority. Most of all, he is the reason I chose the path in life that I did he is the reason that I am currently pursuing my majors of the Chemistry and Pre-Medical fields.

Critiquing Internet Sources Essay

The meshing is filled with culture. Podcasts, videos, and intercommunicates are the around utilize forms of discipline on the internet. Three factors that necessitate to be used when evaluating internet witnesss for use in research are authority, can the verbaliser be authenticated, and is he qualified to speak on the subject, accuracy, can the randomness be effectuate in other credible sources, and currency is the instruction rate of flow or when was the last revision to the page? The topic is senior Abuse, a blog, video, and podcast, have been evaluated pertaining to the subject to show the credibility and reliability of the sources. A blog is a website containing a writers or group of writers aver experiences, observations, opinions, etc., and often having images and links to other websites (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015). The blog old Care and engine room is written by a group of writers in the Walton law of nature Firm. The blog explains in detail the impact of mod ern technology on senior Abuse.The law firm based in San Diego, California specializes in lawcourt cases representing abused elderberry bushs and their families. The law of nature firm can be authenticated and has been triple-crown in prosecuting and retaining damages against nursing homes and personal care homes for years (Walton Law Firm, 2014). The blog does show some bias against people and organizations accused of elder abuse. The data in the blog is accurate and valid, because there are links to the law firm site that confirm the blogs content. The information is current and applic equal to the topic of Elder Abuse. A video is the recording, reproducing, or broadcasting of moving visual images (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015). The video Elder Abuse the law-breaking of the twenty-first Century, was produced by The Stein Institute for research on Aging. The client speaker is Deputy District Attorney of San Diego County Paul Greenwood J.D. Attorney Greenwood has prosecuted ev erywherefour-hundred felony cases of Elder Abuse, both physical and financial.The video gives a detailed invoice of what is being d iodin in the state of California to invade Elder Abuse. The speaker is biased towards the prosecuting of those who mistreat the elderly. Attorney Greenwood is a valid source and the information he shares in the video is applicable to this research. The video shares information that can be found in other resources and is just unmatched in a series offered by The Stein Institute for Research on Aging to show the refreshful ideas that the state of California is implementing to champion elder abuse. District Attorney Greenwood is a credible source for information because of his background in the fight against elder abuse. The video is informative and the speaker is clear and concise in his reporting of the facts. A podcast is a digital audio file made available on the internet for downloading to a computer or portable media player, typically as a serie s, new installments of which can be received by subscribers automatically (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015).The New York urban center Elder Abuse center has a series of podcasts about Elder arbitrator. The center was erected in 2009 to improve professional, organizational, and system responses to elder abuse (NYCEAC, 2013). The most current podcast in the aging series is Ageism, Elder Justice, and The bequest Project, to each one podcast has a guest speaker and the speaker on this podcast is Professor Karl Pillemer, a noted author, Director of Bronfenbrenners Center for Translational Research, Hazel E. vibrating reed Professor in the Department of Human Development, Professor of Gerontology in Medicine at the Weill Cornell Medical Center, and a collaborator on the Legacy Project (Cornell University, 2015). Professor Pillemer is an expert on the issues of the elderly, and his qualified to express his opinions though somewhat biased in favor of the elderly. He uses his bias in a way tha t expresses the deep concern for the elderly and their treatment, which tends to sway one to favor his arguments. The podcast is one in a series of valid podcasts and the information is easily applied to this research.The information can also be found in other credible sources on the internet. The information given in blogs, videos, and podcasts are great examples of web-based information. Web-based information has a major influence on how students gather information for research, global citizenship, and multicultural makeing. Web-based information helps develop intercultural literacies that students, parents,educators, and leadership groups need to live and work as a diverse and globalized population. Web-based information gives the user awareness of the interconnectedness with people and environments around the globe (Department of Education, 2013). Web-based information is being infused in todays global history classroom curriculum to enable students to have access to the globa l network of multimedia system information while being engaged in self-directed learn activities (Scheidel, 2003).Web-based information influences the understanding of global citizenship and multicultural understanding, because people are able to put themselves in the position of the citizens of foreign countries, which helps them broaden their understanding of the distinguishable cultures that they meet right here in the United States, and helps us understand the complexities of ethnicity and culture (Hickling, 2012). Elder Abuse is a subject that has recently been raised(a) by different organizations and advocates that fight for the elderly and their rights. The different blogs, videos, and podcasts, are ship canal that a researcher can find the relevant information they need to learn more about the subject and the policies being used to combat elder abuse. The internet is the leading source of information in association today. The information by way of blogs, videos, and pod casts are all perfect shipway to get and exchange information. The credibility and relevance of the information should be blue to prove and should always be authenticated when using these methods for research.ReferencesAgeism, Elder Justice & The Legacy Project (April 22, 2014). Retrieved from http//podgallery.org/elder-justice-podcast-series/ January10, 2015 Cornell University College of Human Ecology (2015). Karl Pillemer-Bio Retrieved from http//www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=kap6 January 11, 2015 Department of Education and proto(prenominal) Childhood Development Education for ball-shaped and Multicultural Citizenship A dodge for Victorian Government Schools 2009-2013. Retrieved from http//www.education.vic.gov.au/studentlearning/programs/multicultural/default.htm. January 11, 2015. Elder Abuse The Crime of the Twenty-First Century? Research on Aging MAY 5, 2014 University of California video recording (UCTV) Retrieved from https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JoUapRfjZw J anuary 10,2015. Elder Care and TechnologyBy Walton Law Firmhttp//www.nursinghomeabuselawyerblog.com/2014/05/elder-care-technology.html Hickling, F.W. (2012). Understanding Patients in Multicultural Settings A Personal verbalism on Ethnicity and Culture in Clinical Practice. Ethnicity & Health, 17(1/2), 203-216. Doi10. 1080/ 13557858.2012 655266. Retrieved from Ashford University Library, January 14, 2015. Oxford University Press (2015) http//www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/ Scheidet, R.A. (2003). Improving Student Achievement by Infusing a Web-Based Curriculum into Global History. Journal Of Research on Technology in Education. International high society for Technology in Education, 36(1), 77-94. Retrieved from Ashford University Library, January 14, 2015.

Mazda Case, Advertisment And Promotion

1. Analyze the mapping of integrated grocerying communication theory in the grocery storeing of automobiles such as the Mazda Protg and MAZDA6. How is from each one IMC share engagementd to marketplace automobiles? The role of integrated bewraying communication theory in the trade of automobiles such as the Mazda Protg and MAZDA6 had a major jounce of Mazda as a participation. For each elevator automobile ( copy), they birth an exhaustive market research, they studied what were the best channels to depict a message and what was the market sounding for.Establishing market objectives that Mazda commanded was to cast up their sales by displace the Protg model and the sword as a whole, giving it a hot younger look. Mazda come outed hoi polloi around 20-30, who wanted nearthing hip, fun and saucily but at the same time certain and affordable. When they launch the Mazda6 the extend manoeuvreed a opposite market because it was a new model. They wanted commu nity that were variant from the former(a) car models that they had in the market, a person that was sounding for luxury and comfort.The Integrated Marketing Communications purpose for the protg act to position it as a car for the youth, kittenish and hip, something divers(prenominal) for the market, the former(a) brands were not considering the needs of young women. Mazda tried and true to market the Mazda6 as a refined, sporty car, for a much right audience who were looking for luxury. The merchandise mix was schema, which promoted the car in all the channels the scrape market most likely visit.Evaluation of the campaign after proving the campaign of the protg they do some adjustments to the IMC plan, developing a stronger campaign and finding in the mood the motto of the whole brand, Zoom-Zoom. 2. Evaluate Mazdas finality to discard the progress to in. Be Moved tagline for the Protg and adopt the Zoom-Zoom theme for its publicizing. Mazdas decision to drop the ready In. Be Moved tagline for the Proteg and adopt the Zoom-Zoom theme for its denote was a great idea. It made it easier to identify with the brand. Customers could not identify with the jerk off In.Be Moved when Mazda rolled out with the Zoom-Zoom them. They could not use both ads because it was send two different messages to their customers. When Mazda first came out with the Zoom-Zoom ad it was just for unitary car model. We think it was a great idea that they made it unity across the line for all their car brands. Once some hotshot hither the Zoom-Zoom they could identify with the brand. 3. Evaluate the system Mazda is victimization to advertise the new MAZDA6 sports sedan chair. Do you rack up with the decision to use a more produce and little arch near for the MAZDA6?MAZDA6 was thought as one of the most grand launches in Mazdas history. It competes the mid-size segment of automobile market where most cars shift for around $25,000. MAZDA6s target customer in t his segment is a mid-30s car zea deal, although not to the extreme, who lives an active lifestyle. The advertize dodging used by Mazda Company should focus on those target customers. From the positive side, the advertising strategy for the MAZDA6 is that it departed from the approach used for the Protg, as it involved what the company describes as a more mature effort.The strategy used by Mazda for the MAZDA6 apply a heavily integrated communications program. Print advertising accounted for 12 percent of the overall budget with ads being run in enthusiast magazines as well as in lifestyle magazines and newspapers. However, from the minus side, the advertising strategy for the MAZDA6 is that the advertising failed to highlight the difference between MAZDA6 and the sedans nether other brand such as Honda. Customers may have noesis around the MAZDA6 are less(prenominal) mature than the Protg.From their advertising, it will allow customers feel timid astir(predicate) both the Protg and MAZDA6, if the Zoom-Zoom line showed up in the campaigns. Also, the advertising has broadly speaking printed. The advertising is not precise affluent on MAZDA6s target customers, if the advertising was used on ESPN. The target customer of ESPN may action with the decision to use a more mature and less frolicsome approach for the MAZDA6. In all, the strategy Mazda is using to advertise the new MAZDA6 sports sedan was unable to fully satisfy with its mission. I do not agree with the decision to use a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6.First of all, the new MAZDA6 is sports sedan. Both MAZDA6 and Protg are highly similar to each other in performance. Meanwhile, compared with MAZDA6s competitors, the decision to use a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6 is almost the same to others. The MAZDA6 is ambitious to be recognized by customers. Also, the MAZDA6s target customers are the mid-30s. This mid-30s in general consists of mature and pl ayful. If the decision is astir(predicate) using a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6, its target customersmay be mid-40s or else of mid-30s.Therefore, I do not agree with the current decision to use a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6. 4. What recommendations would you make to Mazda regarding its integrated marketing communications strategy as the company moves former? If I had to give some recommendations at Mazdas race or so the marketing communication strategy they need to follow, I could given to them the beneath suggestions Mazda needs to be cogitate individual to everyone target group that they want to be addressed.Every car is not for everyone, so they need to use different counsellings to attract different group of people. Mazda need to separate the marketing plans, depending the average wage of the consumers, the age, the sex, the lifestyle, and the farming that they want to sell a model or the season. Mazda needs to be part of the peoples life. The moreover way to achieve that is to audition hard to promote its product as much they gutter with no stop for long time. Mazdas people need to use the TV commercial and the ads to play in the silver screen hours that the consumers are home and nooky watch them.They need to use affectionate media via mesh and share their products online. In our days the majority of the people, it doesnt depend the age use the Internet and they affected from that. Also, they basin use blogs online to register new ideas about their models or to ask about people opinion. Furthermore, Mazda can inform the old customers or people who havent tried yet the experience of this brand with newsletters at their homes, about news from the car market and specific for the Mazda Company.To cover with, Mazda can try to invite people who used in the chivalric Mazda or new customers for seminars and talk to them about new models and new technology. Also, they can give them the chance f or test hinge upon in new cars with no any cost. The secret of the successful marketing communication strategy is the demand and the trust that you can transfer to the consumers in spite of appearance your promotion and your advertisement. That is not blue-blooded and takes time and need a lot of patient from Mazda to achieve this goal.Mazda Case, Advertisment And promotionAnalyze the role of integrated marketing communications in the marketing of automobiles such as the Mazda Protege and MAZDA6. How is each IMC element used to market automobiles? The role of integrated marketing communications in the marketing of automobiles such as the Mazda Protege and MAZDA6 had a major impact of Mazda as a company. For each car (model), they made an exhaustive market research, they studied what were the best channels to deliver a message and what was the market looking for.Establishing market objectives that Mazda wanted was to increase their sales by repositioning the Protege model and th e brand as a whole, giving it a new younger look. Mazda targeted people around 20-30, who wanted something hip, fun and new but at the same time reliable and affordable. When they launch the Mazda6 the campaign targeted a different market because it was a new model. They wanted people that were different from the other car models that they had in the market, a person that was looking for luxury and comfort.The Integrated Marketing Communications plan for the protege tried to position it as a car for the youth, playful and hip, something different for the market, the other brands were not considering the needs of young women. Mazda tried to market the Mazda6 as a refined, sporty car, for a more mature audience who were looking for luxury. The marketing mix was strategy, which promoted the car in all the channels the target market most likely visit.Evaluation of the campaign after proving the campaign of the protege they made some adjustments to the IMC plan, developing a stronger cam paign and finding in the way the motto of the whole brand, Zoom-Zoom. 2. Evaluate Mazdas decision to drop the Get in. Be Moved tagline for the Protege and adopt the Zoom-Zoom theme for its advertising. Mazdas decision to drop the Get In. Be Moved tagline for the Protege and adopt the Zoom-Zoom theme for its advertising was a great idea. It made it easier to identify with the brand.Customers could not identify with the Get In.Be Moved when Mazda rolled out with the Zoom-Zoom them. They could not use both ads because it was direct two different messages to their customers. When Mazda first came out with the Zoom-Zoom ad it was just for one car model. We think it was a great idea that they made it consent across the line for all their car brands. Once someone here the Zoom-Zoom they could identify with the brand. 3. Evaluate the strategy Mazda is using to advertise the new MAZDA6 sports sedan. Do you agree with the decision to use a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA 6MAZDA6 was thought as one of the most main(prenominal) launches in Mazdas history. It competes the mid-size segment of automobile market where most cars sell for around $25,000. MAZDA6s target customer in this segment is a mid-30s car enthusiast, although not to the extreme, who lives an active lifestyle. The advertising strategy used by Mazda Company should focus on those target customers. From the positive side, the advertising strategy for the MAZDA6 is that it departed from the approach used for the Protege, as it involved what the company describes as a more mature effort.The strategy used by Mazda for the MAZDA6 utilized a heavily integrated communications program. Print advertising accounted for 12 percent of the overall budget with ads being run in enthusiast magazines as well as in lifestyle magazines and newspapers. However, from the negative side, the advertising strategy for the MAZDA6 is that the advertising failed to highlight the difference between MAZDA6 and the se dans under other brand such as Honda. Customers may have knowledge about the MAZDA6 are less mature than the Protege.From their advertising, it will let customers feel unsure about both the Protege and MAZDA6, if the Zoom-Zoom line showed up in the campaigns. Also, the advertising has broadly printed. The advertising is not precise enough on MAZDA6s target customers, if the advertising was used on ESPN. The target customer of ESPN may conflict with the decision to use a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6. In all, the strategy Mazda is using to advertise the new MAZDA6 sports sedan was unable to fully satisfy with its mission. I do not agree with the decision to use a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6.First of all, the new MAZDA6 is sports sedan. Both MAZDA6 and Protege are highly similar to each other in performance. Meanwhile, compared with MAZDA6s competitors, the decision to use a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6 is almost the same to others. The MAZDA6 is difficult to be recognized by customers. Also, the MAZDA6s target customers are the mid-30s. This mid-30s generally consists of mature and playful.If the decision is about using a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6, its target customersmay be mid-40s instead of mid-30s. Therefore, I do not agree with the current decision to use a more mature and less playful approach for the MAZDA6. 4. What recommendations would you make to Mazda regarding its integrated marketing communications strategy as the company moves forward? If I had to give some recommendations at Mazdas people about the marketing communication strategy they need to follow, I could given to them the below suggestions Mazda needs to be focused individual to everyone target group that they want to be addressed.Every car is not for everyone, so they need to use different ways to attract different group of people. Mazda need to separate the marketing plans, depending the aver age wage of the consumers, the age, the sex, the lifestyle, and the country that they want to sell a model or the season. Mazda needs to be part of the peoples life. The only way to achieve that is to try hard to promote its product as much they can with no stop for long time. Mazdas people need to use the TV commercial and the ads to play in the screen hours that the consumers are home and can watch them.They need to use social media via Internet and share their products online. In our days the majority of the people, it doesnt matter the age use the Internet and they affected from that. Also, they can use blogs online to express new ideas about their models or to ask about people opinion. Furthermore, Mazda can inform the old customers or people who havent tried yet the experience of this brand with newsletters at their homes, about news from the car market and specific for the Mazda Company.To continue with, Mazda can try to invite people who used in the past Mazda or new custome rs for seminars and talk to them about new models and new technology. Also, they can give them the chance for test drive in new cars with no any cost. The secret of the successful marketing communication strategy is the motivation and the trust that you can transfer to the consumers inside your promotion and your advertisement. That is not easy and takes time and need a lot of patient from Mazda to achieve this goal.

The University of Toronto Symphony Orchestra perform at the MacMillan Theatre concert review

I saw the University of Toronto Symphony Orchestra perform at the MacMillan Theatre. The film director for this group was named David Briskin. No guest artist/conductor appeared to perform with the U of T Symphony Orchestra. It was performed, as I said before, at the Macmillan Theatre, which is dictated in the Edward Johnson Building. The address is 80 Queens Park Ave. The venue was in effect(p) and large, as the sound would echo across the room. The seats were quite gentle and well designed. The seating capacity was 815 in the Theatre. on that point were approximately five hundred people who attended. The floor was on a slope in rows, and it had 2 tiers.Short Description of Performing GroupThere were no modified instruments for this procedure. This band would be considered an amateur band, as they are students and do non get paid for their performance, entirely they vie like a captain band. The men wore tuxedos, while the women wore black dresses of any version, with the exception of the two diffused players who wore flower dresses, which looked quite well on them.The Concert as a WholeThe concert was overall quite entertaining. At times, however, I was non as enthusiastic as I was before, as the songs dragged on, so at take offs it wasnt as exciting as other parts. I look that this concert was universal, as anyone who has a love for classical music could get and enjoy the human beingss the orchestra vie. Considering, however, that unsalteder kids like more edgy and pop music, I think an older audience would gladly attend more than a younger audience. The concert was well paced, with an breaking so the audience could address and have a chat with their mates.Comment on PerformanceThis performance was one for the ages, as it was a job well done by the orchestra. They began the performance with a prelude. This song used dynamics strongly, as the orchestra played extremely soft, as if the band wasnt playing. The French horn had a miniskirt s olo which was played well. The next part had the violins playing the fast part of the song. The violins, in my opinion, played a little bit too loud, but the oboe overcame that as it had many melodies which were played strong. The third section introduced the harp, which played an elegant melody. The crescendos and decrescendos were nice, and there was an interesting part where the flutes play, and the violins playback. The last section in any case had varied in tempos, and the trumpet played the melody with confidence. The second piece (Tabuh-Tabuhan) brought in the 2 piano players, Megan Chang and Magumi Okamoto.These two players played their parts with a great deal excitement, as they hit ein truth key as it was their last. The wooden xylophone was introduced in this movement also. This second movement was much more showy than the head start, with the spectacular style used for this piece, but at times it had an supernatural feeling as well. My favourite piece was the one af ter the intermission (Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550), as for my grade 8 exam, I had to play various parts form it, and it was nice to essay the clarinet play the mini solos so fluently, and how the clarinet part fits in with the whole orchestra There were different styles, as one song may be dramatic and slow, then the next result increase in tempo, then a very fast tempo to end off the movement. Overall, the performance was a job well done, and they played it exceptionally well. I would love to harken to them again.Comment on Technical Aspects of ConcertI feel that Fred Perruzza (Director of Operations), Ian Albright (Technical Assistant), and tag Dunkin (Production Assistant) deserve special acknowledgement for their efforts on keeping the technology together for the Orchestras performance. The setting was effective acoustically, and the atmosphere was exceptional. The lighting did not have to change, and it was very visible to see all the instruments, and the audience l ights were dimmed low enough to pay attention to the orchestra. It lightened up the mood for the concert.Comment on the auditory sense & ResponseMany elders attended this concert, and many university students showed, and all of Mr. Grays fine young students attended All types of cultural mixes attended, and wealthier classes attended. The audience was consistent with the interest for the first half, but for the second half, part of the audience began to feel drowsy and not as into it as they used to be. Even when the orchestra would play some dangerous notes, the audience did not shake from the loud music made by the orchestra.They did respond consistently, however, clapping with tremendous approbation after each symphony. The applause was polite, as they are people from a wealthier upper class level, and clapped with politeness. A few of the younger students, however, clapped spontaneously, or didnt clap at all. Nobody from Mr. Grays class, however. During the intermission, eve ryone talked around how the solos were played, and how specific instruments hit some of the high notes played. After the performance, many teenagers wheel spoke about the performance and how they wouldnt mind listening to it again.To Sum UpI enjoyed this concert, and I would love to hear them play again. It was nice, as I accepted one of the pieces they played (Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550, by W.A Mozart), and I knew what part they were at, as I had to play bits of it for my grade 8 exam. It was an enjoyable experience, and I would recommend it to anyone If you do not have anything to do one evening, take a visit and listen to the University of Toronto Symphony Orchestra, you will be amazed, and it will be worth it

Placement Tests & Proficiency Tests Essay

Imagine that you be liable for admitting students to an position language school. Design a simple interview found on 20 personal questions for the student about his conk out, family, school or expanse. Begin with simple grammar and diction and develop much compl starty by the conclusion. This is to follow the schools placement sort to confirm its results.1. system Tests & Proficiency TestsI. I would start by asking the student to process in full sentences if they arsehole. For the purposes of this assignment I am assuming these students ar adult learners. The questions I would ask be1. How are you?2. Whats your job?3. What are some of your responsibilities at work?4. Do you play sports?5. How pine gull you played that? (sport from the previous question) 6. Are there any sports/hobbies you would alike(p) to try?7. How often do you watch movies?8. What kind of movies/music/tv do you like?9. Please tell me about your family10. Do you have any pets?11. What did you do at the weekend?12. How long have you been analyze English?13. If you could travel to a nonher country, where would you like to go? 14. What did you do/Where did you go on your last-place vacation?15. Tell me about your hometownwhat is it c al ied, city/country 16. What are your plans for the next weekend?17. When is your birthday?18. What did you do/ establish last birthday?19. Can you drive/play a musical musical instrument/ direct any other languages?20. If you could assume any person, living or dead, who would you like to catch? case online for in versionation about TOEFL iBT at ets.org. c e actuallyplace a mini-research project. Summarize apt information about this running,including its purpose, form and audience.TOEFL iBTThe TOEFL iBT scrutiny, administered via the Internet, is an strategic part of your journey to dissect in an English- utter country. In asset to the political campaign, the ETS TOEFL Program appropriates tools and guides to overhaul you plannin gare for the screen and improve your English-language skills. The TOEFL iBT acquaint mea certains your superpower to use of undecomposeds and services and understand English at the university aim. And it taxs how well you combine your listening, reading, mouth and writing skills to perform academic tasks.PurposeThe purpose of the TOEFL iBT canvass is to evaluate the English advancement of people whose native language is non English. The TOEFL iBT heaps are primarily used as a measure of the world power of international students to use English in an academic environment.The Test (TOEFL iBT) evaluates all four language skills that are essential for effective communication reading, listening, speaking and writingReading measures the ability to understand academic reading matter. earreach measures the ability to understand English as it is used in colleges and universities. public speaking measures the ability to speak English. Responses are recorded and scored by h uman graders. theme measures the ability to write in a way that is appropriate for college and university way of life work. The TOEFL iBT contains an added 20-minute essay along with the current 30-minute essay. Formwww.ets.org/s/toefl/pdf/iBT_reg_form.pdf201314 TOEFL iBT adaptation Bulletin (PDF)201314 Bulletin Supplement for Test Takers with Disabilities or Health-related demand (PDF) auditory senseMore than 27 one million million people from all over the world have detractn the prove to demonstrate their English-language proficiency. The average English skill train ranges between Intermediate and Advanced. Students believe to take apart at a higher education constitution English-language learning program admissions and exitScholarship and certification candidatesEnglish-language learners who pauperization to track their progressStudents and workers applying for visasWho should take it?Students planning to move their Associates or Bachelors storeyInternational stud ents who wish to pursue undergraduate study at an American college or university have the option of taking the TOEFL iBT. In some instances, the institution testament waive the TOEFL iBT if a student has completed Level 112 of ELS English for Academic Purposes program. If the institution does not waive the TOEFL iBT, the student must key out a certain lower limit score on the exam in order to gain acceptance to the college or university. Students should check with the institution to pick up out what minimum score it requires on the TOEFL iBT.Students planning to pursue their senior pilots degree or DoctorateInternational students who wish to pursue graduate study at an American college or university can take the TOEFL iBT. Most graduate schools require a minimum score on the TOEFL iBT as well as the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT). Students may take ELS test prep programs for the GRE or the GMAT at Level 110 and higheror if the y equate other requirements. To learn more about entry requirements for either test prep program, click the links for each testBusiness StudentsStudents l perimeterr entry the Business English Program must attain a minimum score on the TOEFL iBT, TOEIC, or IELTS exams, or achieve an advanced level on the ELSPre-Arrival Test.Notes about TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBT is approximately 4 hours long. Each region of the test has a clipping limit. The Reading section has radical questions that ask test takers tocategorize information and alter in a chart or complete a summary. in that reward is no longer a mental synthesis section. Grammar is tested on questions and tasks in each section. Lectures and conversations in the Listening section are longer, but note-taking is allowed. In fact, note-taking is allowed throughout the entire test to help test takers fare the questions. The TOEFL iBT integrated approach requires that the students be proficient in note taking. The speech in the listeni ng material sounds more natural, and adept lecture per test is spoken with a British or Australian accent. There are also new multiple-choice questions that measure understanding of a speakers attitude, degree of certainty, and purpose. The disquisition section is new, and includes both integrated and independent tasks. Integrated task are questions that require use of more than one skill at a time read, listen, hence speak in response to a question listen, hence speak in response to a question read, listen, then write in response to a questionLook online for information about TOEIC at ets.org. Conduct a mini-research project. Summarize pertinent information about this test, including its purpose, form and audience. The Test of English for International Communication is produced by ETS ( pedagogyal scrutiny Service). There are devil separate parts to the TOEIC test. You can do one or both parts. 1. The Listening and Reading test is a wallpaper and pencil test that takes 2.5 hours and is taken at a test centre. 2. The Speaking and Writing test is an online test that is taken in a test centre and takes 90 minutes. The Speaking and Writing test is a new test which is only available in some countries.PurposeTOEIC evaluates the level of ones command of English appropriate for the further work in the sphere of business ( global workplace).Formwie.ac.nz/download/TOEIC_Application_Form.pdfwww.hau.gr/?i=examinations.en.toeic-application-formtestprep.about.com Education Test Prep Registration InfoAudienceThis test is mean for Academic Institutions, the Workplace and Test Takers.The TOEIC testsHelp businesses build a more effective workforceGive job keep in linekers and employees a competitive edgeEnable universities to better fake students for the international workplaceTOEIC focuses on the English language, which prevails in the business sphere and global workplace. It consists of 200 multiple-choice questions, which are to be answered in 2 hours. The po ssible score results vary from 10 to 990 (5-495 for listening comprehension and 5-495 for reading comprehension). TOEIC test questions are based on real-life work settings in an international environment (meetings, travel, telephone conversations, etcetera. Score reports provide accurate, meaningful feedback about a test-takers strengths and weaknesses, along with a description of the English-language strengths common of test-takers performing at diverse score levels. This allows employers to Relate test rafts to the tasks employees may perform on the job Use the descriptions to inform tiny hiring and placement decisions Select the employee with the English-language abilities the job requiresETSs ongoing research helps run into that the TOEIC tests are accurate and relevant to todays changing global workplace, which helps internationally competitive companies hire, place and promote the right candidates year subsequently year.TOEIC test scores provide accurate, reliable measu rement of Englishproficiency they can be compared regardless of where or when the test is administered. ETS ensures standardized test conditions give test takers equal opportunity to demonstrate proficiency. Test administrations stick with to strict guidelines to ensure a consistent and fair test-taking experience. A mark process held to the highest quality-control standards results in the most reliable and valid scores available.Look online for information about IELTS at ielts.org. Conduct a mini-research project. Summarize pertinent information about this test, including its purpose, form and audience. The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) assesses the English language proficiency of people who want to study or work where English is used as the language of communication. IELTS tests are held in over 900 locations across the world with tests up to four propagation a month. IELTS tests all four language skills listening, reading, writing and speaking. The I ELTS Speaking test is a face-to-face interview with a certified Examiner. It is interactive and as close to a real-life situation as a test can getPurposeIELTS measures ability to communicate in English across all four language skills listening, reading, writing and speaking for people who indicate to study or work where English is the language of communication. Formwww.ielts.org/PDF/IELTS_Application_Form_November2011.pdfAudienceThis test is designed for non-native speakers. IELTS is required by higher education institutions and various programs in UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand.IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is the worlds most popular English language test. More than 2 million IELTS tests are taken each year. Taking IELTS opens doors it can help you live, study and work around the world. More than 8,000 organisations worldwide accept IELTS, including government, academic and battle institutions. In fact, IELTS is the only English language test ac cepted for in-migration purposes by all countries that require one.Classroom Tests and Quizzes1- Decide if the following tests meet the criteria for good tests. Explain why they do or do not. A You will give your class a chapter test of 25 questions. The test was announced during the chapter review for the following day. I dont think that this test meets the criteria for a good test, because it is too little time for the students to prepare themselves well enough.B Youve just decided to give the students a 10-minute test because youre the vary teacher and need some time to get things organized before starting class. Its not a good idea to give students a10 minute test as a substitute teacher for any reason. The only time it would be okay is if the authentic class teacher gives you the go ahead, otherwise you may just be testing students on the in plant material or work.C Its Wednesday and youve just finished a reading passage and tell the students they will need to be able to s ummarize the main points of it in a test on Friday. This situation is fair, because the students will have enough time to ask any relevant questions about the reading to make sure that they understand it completely and be well prepared for summarizing.D At the end of the term you will require your class (of 20 students) to answer a 200-question objective test as well as two essay style questions in 300 words (minimum) each. Such situations would meet the criteria for good tests because the students all have an entire term to prepare themselves by practising with examples of objective tests and appropriate essay.E You ask your class to produce a list of 10 words they learned on their own exterior of class and use each in a sentence to show their mastery of the word. I think that this is one of the best ways of expanding the vocabulary of all students, and (even the teacher every once in a while) it is stainless for students to also practise their grammar as well as spelling. All of this allows the students to see their own progress. Therefore, this does meet the criteria.2 Create a 10-question gap fill (fill in the blank) exercise based on any topic vocabulary, grammar, etc. Complete each sentence with the appropriate conjunctions.because, unless, therefore, eitheror, still, neithernor, although, not onlybut also, but, bothand, when, whetheror, thoughyet1) Marie and Joseph did not want to leave _________________ they would miss the animals on the bring about.2) Mrs. Saber did not like the belt she prepared, _______________ everyone else enjoyed it.3) Mr. and Mrs. Saber will not move to the city _______________there is a very goo reason to do so.4) _____________ Marie and Joseph are city dwellers, they __________ visit their parents farm every now and then.5) The hen went back to sleep ____________ Mr. Saber was not looking.6) Canada is ____________ a big country _____________ very cold in winter.7) Carly verbalize to Mel, ____________ you are mistaken _ ____________ I am.8) The students in Mrs. Peters class ___________ love ____________ respect her.9) The Simpsons do not mind ____________ they stay _________ move to another house.10) Things are __________ good ___________ bad only thinking makes them so, a teacher verbalise to Bob, who had a puzzled look on his face.3 Create a 10-question cloze exercise on any text.Instructions Provide the correct answer for each question.NOTE Choose your answers from the words at the nooky of the page.On the 25th of January, we decided to go hunting. Allthings______ ready in the car, a Range Rover withfour-wheel drive ________began on thorium afternoon, and it took us ___________hours by car. We reached the place we were looking for __________ 515 P.M. First, we ____________the tent, then we made ____________and had a few minutes of _____________. After __________, we left to go on ____________ hunt. We hunted using a ___________.at, coffee, falcon, fixed, head, hours, minutes, rest, that, thre e, to, were