Cybercrime technology Essay

People rationally choose to participate in sorry actsin order to prevent these acts from occurring state need to inhabit that consequences will outweigh the benefits. If people believe that the consequences outweigh the benefits t biddy they will freely choose non to participate in the criminal behavior.On the other hand the positive school of criminology believes that individuals participate in crime because of forces beyond individual simpleness and relies on the scientific method acting to prove its theories (Cullen& Agnew, 2006). exclusives should notbe held solely responsible for their actions because not every star is rational. Outside factors can play an important part in de enclosureine ones participation in crime. Now that we have exami ned the ii most dominant schools of criminological theory we can examine how two theories, ego simplicity and routine activity, have been utilise to the study of cybercrime and cybercrime victimization. ego-importanceControl surmis eOne general crime theory that has been utilize to the study of cybercrime isself manage theory. Self prevail theory was rootage proposed by Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson in their 1990 publicationA General Theory of annoyance. Self tally theory believes that criminal motivation is rampant, but that people act on this motivation only when they possess low self aver (Cullen & Agnew, 2006). This paper will dis swain the basic elements of selfcontrol theory, as well as research that has provided eviden ce to support the severity of this theory. Then this section will review empirical studies that have applied selfcontroltheoryto the study of cybercrime and cyber victimizationand will discuss the benefitsof applying this theory to the study of cybercrime.Cybercrime28In their book,A General Theory of Crime, Travis Hirschi and MichaelGottfredson describe the major characteristics that define individuals with and without selfcontrol (1990). Individuals with low selfcontrol bei mpulsive, insensitive,physical (as impertinent to mental), risktaking, short sighted, and nonverbal, and they will tend therefore to engage in criminal and analogous acts. (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1990)People with characteristics of low selfcontrol whitethorn be more potential to participate indeviant acts because they privation quick gratification. As compared to individuals who deficiency selfcontrol, individuals with selfcontrol are able to delay immediate gratification and are more likely to be vigilant, emotional, verbal, and long term orientated (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1990). Individuals who possess characteristics of self control whitethorn be better able to appreciate the consequences of participating in deviant acts and have the controlnecessary to delay their gratification. In conclusion, those who lack selfcontrol are more likely to possess characteristics such(prenominal) as impulsivity and shortsightedness, that makecrime and its immediate gratification more attract ive to them, as compared to those who possess characteristics of high selfcontrol such as being cautious and longterm orientated. This brings up an important question, does an individuals level of self control develop over time or is slightlyone born with one level of selfcontrol that remains the samethroughout his or her lifetime. According to Hirschi and Gottfredson individuals arenotborn with one accredited level of selfcontrol, rather they learn selfcontrol most often through their parents (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1990). An individual does nothave only onelevel of selfcontrol, as they grow older they whitethorn develop a different level of self control past when they were younger. However, they do suggest that, individual Cybercrime29differences may have an trespass on the prospects for effective socialization ( Hirschi &Gottfredson, 1990). For example, individuals with mental health problems may have a higher probability of not being in effect socialized. The authors believe d that self control is learned through life, but especially age you are a electric shaver. The authors also addressed why some individuals possess characteristics of self control. They suggest that individuals develop characteristics of self control as a result of their upbringing (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1990). While parents do not designedlyteach their childrento not haveselfcontrol, the authorssuggest that in order to teach the child selfcontrol, someone must (1) superintend the childs behavior (2) recognize deviant behavior when it occurs and (3) avenge such behaviorall that is required to activat e the system is heart for or investment in the child. (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1990)They suggest that a deficiency in any one of these categories will inadvertently allow the child to develop characteristics of low selfcontrol (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1990). Characteristics of low selfcontrol can be the result of ineffective parenting. Low self control makes crime more attractive to individuals who possess learned characteristics such as impulsivity and lack of responsibility. Good parenting is important in developing individuals who possess high levels of selfcontrol, however good parenting can only occur if parents care about their children and are able to monitor, recognize, and effectively punish their children for deviant behavior.Selfcontrol theoryhas been the subject of many empirical studies, which have attempted to analyse the validity of the theory in explaining crime (Pratt & Cullen 2000Pratt, food turner & Piquero 2004 Perrone, Sullivan, Pratt, & Margaryan 2004 Turner, Piquero, & Pratt 2005 Reisig &Pratt 2011 Deng & Zheng 1998). In 2000, Pratt and