Ethos, Pathos, and Logos :: Argument

Strength of Argument Ethos, Pathos, and Logos bell meat hookss essay, Keeping Close to Home, uses three important components of argument (ethos, pathos, and logos) to support her claim. hooks develops her essay by establishing credibility with her audience, appealing to the readers logic, and stirring their emotions. She questions the role a university should play in the life of a nation, claiming that higher teaching method should not tear a student away from his roots, but do him to build an education upon his background.bell hooks gains the trust and credibility of readers through knowledge of the topic at hand, establishing common ground with the audience, and demonstrating fairness. Ethos is the distinguishing moral character of a writer that instills faith in the audience. bell hooks is a well honor writer and teacher known for her strong opinion and academic background. She establishes her credentials through her personal struggles with the university system and he r efforts to maintain her own individuality and background. The reader gains respect for hooks as she courageously resists the pressure to adapt to her new academic life. For example she says, It is my responsibility to formulate a way of being that will allow me to accede fully in my new environment while integrating and maintaining aspects of the old (hooks 92). bell hooks writes not only to help others find strength to sustenance on to their pasts, but for her own resistance as well. Her audience is assured by her motives to educate and inform.Whereas hookss personal experience srenghtens her ethos, a original rigidity used in addressing the audience simultaneously weakens her credibilty. For example, hookss tendency to label academics and groups unlike herself pushes the reader to see her as self-righteous. She separates people into classes of those she percieves as right and those she sees as wrong. Thus, she creates a smaller audience of readers and weakens her me ssage. This tendency causes her argument to sound one-sided and prevents a formation of common ground. hookss efforts to help others preserve the background that enables ones self development in the present, that sustains and supports, that enrichs however, prevents her voice and opinions from being ignored (91).bell hookss use of tenacious evidence is not as strong as her ethos. With the aid of facts and studies, an authors

The Cruel Joke of Life Exposed in Vonneguts Cats Cradle :: Vonnegut Cats Cradle Essays

The Cruel joke of Life Exposed in Vonneguts Cats CradleCats Cradle is set up like a serial publication of comic strips, with satirical commentary found in the last panel. What, then, could we conclude is the accumulative punchline for the entire novel? What does Vonnegut give us for his last jape? If we attempt to answer this question, we must first try solving the answers to what is the joke? and who is the joker? It seems Vonneguts characters are the victims to the cruel joke of life. In Cats Cradle he suggests that idol is the joker. Like any good comedian, he must consider his timing and his audience. By using human beings that are always trying to examine it wholly in a scientific age, it becomes the perfect set-up. His method of delivering the joke seems to be either through Religion or Science. In the novel, the more the characters try to muster up the meaning of life, the funnier and more absurd the joke becomes. And no one is laughing harder than Bokonon. Julian Castle quotes this poem from The Books of Bokonon after Jonah shrieks, My God-life Who can understand eve one minute of it?Tiger got to hunt,Bird got to flyMan got to sit and wonder, Why, why, why?Tiger got to sleep,Bird got to landMan got to tell himself he understand (150).Bokononism is a witty, satirical retort to the methods that God uses to play his joke. Bokonon and his followers understand the joke and even play along. When the final punchline is about to be delivered (when the ice society is released), the Bokononists, who seem to have always anticipated an end to this prank called life, willingly eat the ice nine and kill themselves.

Poetry of E. E. Cummings Essay -- Poetry Poem

Lifes Not A ParagraphThroughout his poetry, E. E. Cummings seduces readers deep into a thicket of scrambled words, missing punctuation, and unconventional structure. Within Cummingss poetic bramble, ambiguity leads the reader through what seems at first a confvictimization and winding maze. However, this amazement actually transforms into a path that leads the reader to the center of the thicket where Cummingss message lies one should never allow ones take to be limited by mind and rationality. In order to communicate his belief that emotional experience should triumph over reason, Cummings employs odd juxtapositions, outlandish metaphors, and inversions of traditional grammatical structures that reveal the illogicality of reason. By breaking down the formal boundaries of his poetic structures, Cummings urges his readers to question boundaries of any kind. Indeed, in the same manner Cummingss literary style appears to be ungoverned many of his poems, such as since feeling is fir st and as freedom is a breakfastfood, in turn suggest that emotion provides the compositional fabric for our experience of life, and therefore, emotion itself should never be defined or controlled.In since feeling is first, Cummings urges his reader to reject any attempts to control emotion by using English grammar as one example of the restrictive conventions present in society. By stating that since feeling is first / who pays any attention / to the syntax of things, Cummings suggests that emotion should not be forced to fit into some preconceived framework or mold (1-3). He carries this message throughout the poem by juxtaposing images of the snatch and the concrete--images of emotion and images of English grammar. The abstract na... ...g thicket because he believes the path of the straight and narrow limits the possibilities of experience. Through the unconventionality of his poetic structures, Cummings urges his readers to question order and tradition. He wants his readers to tell apart that reason and rationality are always secondary to emotion, that emotional experience is a free-flowing force that should not be constrained. Cummingss poetry suggests that in order to micturate at the true essence of something, one must look past the commonsensical definition, and not be limited by the syntax of things.Works CitedCummings, E. E. as freedom is a breakfastfood. E. E. Cummings Complete Poems 1904-1962. Ed. George J. Firmage. New York Liveright, 1991. 511.Cummings, E. E. Since feeling is first. E. E. Cummings Complete Poems 1914-1962. Ed. George J. Firmage, New York Liveright, 1991. 291.

Moral Judgements :: essays research papers

Moral JudgementsJakob Bronowskis book, Science and Human Values argues that the scientific method of inquiry into reality provides a generally applicable foundation for moral judgement. Bronowski says, in order to keep the study in a manageable field. I will continue to necessitate a society in which the principle of truth rules. Therefore the society which I will examine is that formed by scientists themselves it is the body of scientists (Bronowski 58). Bronowski pull ins it clear in his book that he is going to base his study on scientists. There are five steps in the scientific method of inquiry into reality. The initiatory one being Observation, the second is Hypothesis, the third is Experiments, the fourth is Theory, and the fifth being Publishing. In the books second chapter, The Habit of Truth, Bronowski explains how people name or recognize things. The scientist or artist takes two facts or experiences which are separate he finds in them a likeness which had not been se en before and he creates a unity by showing the likeness (Bronowski 27). The method of observation requires the scientist to find the similarity in both objects and make a generalization push through of it. The example Bronowski uses of, is a coin. A person first sees the head of the penny and then the tail, and he then concludes that both parts are from the same coin. Bronowski says, we sleep with the thing only by mapping and joining our experiences of its aspects (Bronowski 31).The second step will be making a system or an educated cypher of what is going to happen. The example Bronowski uses is of this little girl who knew a doctor who wore a earreach aid, thus every while she met a person with a hearing aid, she automatically assumed that the person is a doctor. The generalization that the little girl made was of course mistaken (Bronowski 37).The third step is the test to see if the hypothesis is correct. Bronowski says, the place of experience is to test and correct the concept. The test is, Will the concept work? Does it give an unforced unity to the experience of men? Does the concept make life orderly, not by edict but in fact? (Bronowski 41). This test makes sure that the results will turn out similar every time according to the conditions of the experiment. The forth step is to compose a theory.

James Carville: Guard Dog of the White House :: Essays Papers

James Carville Guard Dog of the White HouseJames Carville has been one of President Clintons nigh adamant supporters throughout the impeachment crisis. Carville is a veteran campaign strategist who headed Clintons campaign in 1992 and has advised him since the campaign. His harsh and sometimes wild criticisms of Clintons opponents have made Carville the rhetorical eruption dog of the Democratic Party. The determination of Carvilles attacks was to rally support for Clinton. Fighting for Clinton was both alleviateful to Carvilles c beer and financially beneficial for him. Carville utilize a few concise points that he presented in his aggressive partisan style to argue against Clintons critics. The media frequently covered Carvilles attacks be movement of their brevity and excessiveness. Carville skillfully used the media to his advantage. He plays an active role in personalizing political issues by attacking the character of his opponents. These personal assaults divert attention away from the issues themselves. However, questioning the character of those who are often running smear campaigns of their own can bring to light some the faults of Carvilles political adversaries. Kenneth Burke suggested rhetoric could be analyzed victimization five elements, act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose. Two of these five elements stand out from the rest as most crucial to the speakers rhetoric during the impeachment crisis (Nichols 1963). Agency and purpose were the most important facets of James Carvilles rhetoric. Carvilles purpose was to rally support for President Clinton while advancing his carrier and benefiting financially. The agencies he used to accomplish his purpose were several concise complaints against Independent Councilor, Kennith Starr, his aggressive rhetorical assault against Starr, Carvilles image, and the media which Carville used to bring his message to the American public. James Carvilles chief precedency has been to defend Bill Clinton since Ca rville became the chief campaign strategist for Clintons 1992 presidential campaign. In an interview with Katie Couric on Today, Carville asserts his motives that man Clinton had been good to me, hes good to myfamily, hes good to my country. Hes a friend of mine. He got himself in a jam. I was proud that he called on me to help him, and Im glad that I was able totohelp in some small way (Carville 2/12/99). Carville was entirely dedicated to his cause of defending Clinton. In this interview, he asserted his loyalty and willingness to help the President. Carville emphasized how proud he was to be working for his friend (Carville 2/12/99, Carville 1/6/99).

Our Grandmothers By Maya Angel Essay -- essays research papers

Imagery In The Poem &8220Our Grandmothers by Maya AngelouImage (Imagery) &8211 Descriptive rime flourished. One basic meaning for &8216image&8217 is provided by that context, but other, looser and more treacherous, meanings have accreted any sensuous effect provoked by literary actors line any striking language metaphor symbol any figure. Maya Angelou&8217s poem, &8220Our Grandmother&8217s, vividly exemplifies a sense of imagery that is brought to life. The most effective agency that, Maya Angelou presents imagery to the readers is by the setting. Firstly, at the beginning of the poem the narrator describes the current state of the main character and gives a brief description of the setting through imagery. &8220She lay, skin down on the moist dirt, / &8230 the whispers of leaves&8230/ the longing of hounds&8230 (&8220Our Grandmothers, 1-4). These lines are very effective to the readers because the imagery behind these lines allows the readers to feel the cool breeze blowing, he ar the leaves rustle and even sense the smell of fear everything that one could think of to enhance the setting of a plantation. Reading this poem is an escape from modern day life. As readers, we observe everything that the narrator and the main character experience. To fulfill the imagination of the readers, Maya Angelou concentrates primarily as to how the readers are going to interpret certain events. S...

A Comprehensive Feasibility Study For The Establishment Of Paintwork T-shirt Printing House

A COMPREHENSIVE FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAINTWORK jersey PRINTING HOUSE Introduction Nowadays, printed dress atomic tour 18 almost seen everywhere school invariants with the school logos printed on it, advertisements printed on shirts, title of an notwithstandingt, different toon characters, quotable phrases and lot to a greater extent things printed on shirts. There ar many processes of transferring a forge to a shirt. Computer printed designs, screen printing process, heat transferred images, and motion-picture show the shirt itself.In these modern days, things are done in faster ways that is why computing machines play varieties of role. Computer printed designs are among the most common in the grocery today. One can have his own picture printed in a shirt in just an hour or he can even personalize a design that he likes to be printed in his shirt. A design can also be transferred in number of shirts in a clothing come with. This computer printed shi rt is the focus of this feasibility study. We come up with this product to compete in the demand of modern days consumers.In addition to computer printed shirts, we also come up with the idea having variegated designs as an art design exclusive for each company. Images add art to the printed shirts. It livens up the clothing and gives much attraction to those who see it. Universities have their university shirts or organizational shirts, which is sometimes procedured by the students as their uniforms. Our business is targeting this opportunity for us to give them a uniquely intentional t-shirts that bequeath surely be appreciated by the students and other group of people.In addition to this, we also aim to create our exceptional own multi-colored design for some organizations who conduct events and some small companies in the country. The Concept PAINTWORK conceptualized a production enterprise that willing be the producer of create knowing and computer printed shirts in s ome other schools in the country particularly in engineering school University of the Philippines (the four owners alma mater). We plan to create the products not for retail purposes notwithstanding as a wholesale turn in catering to the needs of the targeted market for their painted shirt uniforms, section shirts, organization shirts, batch hirts and other customized shirts. Nowadays, computer printed shirt designs are common in the market, so as the screen-printed designed shirts. Computer printed designs though are more modern and has more graphic symbol with designs. It being an late process to transfer a design to shirts with exclusive painted design for each company is our unique selling proposition. Our business oriented and hip designs are popular especially with the teenagers, students and the young.We come up with this product believing that we can supply the needs of consumers to have more modernized and likeable designs in its outmatch outcome. Although we are new in this kind of business, we still can promise the best outcome and produce very good timberland painted designed computer printed shirts that can be used in events, organizational uniforms, school uniforms and other more occasions. The price will be based on the terms used to create the product. Our painted shirts will surely compete in the market in terms of pricing but we are confident that ours is a product that is worth to be paid for.Objectives As stated in the concept for its creation, PAINTWORK will paint designed shirts that will be used for uniform purposes in school organizations, small companies, events, and some institutions. PAINTWORK is comparable in the market in terms of pricing but the process of production and high quality end product differs. The designs are personally make and manually transferred to the shirt leave aloneing to keen classy products that will satisfy the consumers.The objective of our company is to be more competitive in the market and to be the leading manufacturer and supplier of paint designed computer printed shirts in the Philippines. * Short Term Objectives * To build a good rapport with the consumers and to the people. * To maintain a good working relationship with all our employees and also to the suppliers. * To be the favoured company of the leading universities and some companies to supply them our shirts with extend painted designs. * Long Term Objectives * Our companys objective is to be the leading supplier of the printed hirts for the next 5 years in Polytechnic University of the Philippines to be used on the General Assembly of the students of Institute of Accounts, blood line and Finance, and also for some universities in the country. * Our business will endeavour to be an excellent company here in the Philippines that will be loved by the Filipinos and eventually we can export our products to other countries. Company Logo Organizational Chart ZAILEEN A. CULATA gross sales Supervisor AVEGAIL C. LUCE RO Office Supervisor PAULINE AGNES VELASCO payoff Supervisor TITO M.PINEDA III General Manager Production workers Assistant PAINTWORK will be having four main heads for its organizational chart. Every partner will be assigned to each department to assure the harmony and proper management of the entity. The four partners are distributed in four main positions in the company such as general manager, production supervisor, sales supervisor and component part supervisor. The establishment will hire three sociable and customer-oriented crews. Two crews will be assigned in printing and editing the t-shirt design one crew will assist them.Neither of the pioneers will supervise the over-all development of the business. Manpower Requirement 1. Job Title General Manager * Responsible for the whole organization and the business operation. He is also trustworthy to the following functions * Must see to it in carrying out or handling the day-to-day operations of the business. * Must plan ou t various developments for maximum positivity of the business. * Must render wise decisions for the changes and improvement s of the business operation. * Must assure to every customer that they can produce quality products they needed. 2.Job Title Production Supervisor * She is responsible for supervising the production workers in the whole process of production and maintenance of the area. She also approves or edits the original design from the business or personalized design from the customers. 3. Job Title Sales Supervisor * Sales supervisor is responsible for marketing and delivery of the product. She is in charge in dealings with the customers. 4. Job Title Office Supervisor * She is responsible for supervising the office works. She manages the accountant and the salesclerk in the office. 5. Job Title Production Workers They are the ones responsible for transferring the designs to the computer, printing the shirt, drying and packaging of the products. They deal with the wh ole process of producing the best paint designed computer printed shirts. 6. Job Title Assistant * Serves as a clerk that assists in all the office works. Services Offered Paintwork will offer services on customized, personalized t-shirt printing and editing design. Products will be made in its highest quality, perfect for corporate gifts, batch shirt, uniforms, give away, couple shirt, university shirts and more.Our aim is to delivering quality garments made to your design and specifications at a competitive price by using the latest printing techniques for any occasion. If youre in the market for an individually stylized piece of apparel, weve got everything youre ever likely to need T -shirt printing designs is what were all about and regardless of whether you have an idea of your own in mind, or you fancy one of our best sellers, the garments we will supply you with will be of a superior quality. We pride ourselves on the reliability of service we will offer. Actual PlanPAINTWOR K will be built outside the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, specifically in Newtons Plaza, Sta. Mesa, Manila. Initially, the three sociable and customer-oriented crews will handle the production of customized, personalized t-shirts and designs. Rest assured that the ambiance of the establishment is excellent to make customers feel comfortable. Floor Plan Future Plans After six months of operation, PAINTWORK will launch its latest additional product offers such as personalized banners and tarpaulins. After a year, a branch is planned to build but the location is not yet final.These measures are intended to provide the same quality and affordable customized, personalized printing of shirts and advertisement designs to students, companies and others. Facilities The business should have the following facilities to be able to operate 1. Office * Having an office is necessary to accommodate customers and to give ear as an area for people to work. 2. Printing Room * The busines s needs its own printing manner to meet the standard of the consumers in printing t-shirts. The room has machines for printing and other equipment in need to do the products. 3.Sewing Room * It is where the products are being sewed to add design with the t-shirts. Production Process 1. Creating the Design. This is the first measurement in producing the painted shirt. The design must first be done and drafted for the next step to continue. In this step, the consumers must agree with the design being suggested or pass his personal design. The colors to be used must also be enumerated. 2. Transferring the Design to the Computer. 3. Printing the Shirt Design. This is the main step of this process this is where the design is being transferred on the shirt. . Drying Drying is very important in this process because once the painted design is not dry, it might be ruined and the shirt will not be used at all. The painted shirt is dried through blowers for quicker drying. 5. Checking of Shi rt This step is done to ensure that all the painted shirts will turn out as pass judgment, excellent and with a classy result. 6. Packaging This is the last step of the production process where in the finished painted shirts are placed in a cloth bag as it packaging. After this, the painted shirts can be delivered. Production The process of production was beneficial very well and perfected to have a product with a high standard and quality that will be best suited for its consumers. * on the whole employees / workers are trained proficiently and must be very knowledgeable on how the process of production goes as well as the proper use of facilities and equipment. * Materials come from reliable sources with their own safety measures to have a quality and trusted product. * The business also sees to it that there are enough materials so as not to delay the production process.Packaging PAINTWORK Designed shirts are packed in cloth bags. These are better than the usual packaging that comes in plastic sack. timber Control Our business ensures the quality and unique prints of the shirts to meet the customers satisfaction. In order to prove the business claim that it is 100% worth to be paid for, we set our guidelines and policies for the workers to follow in the production of our product. Investments The owners made the following investments to meet the goals of the business EquipmentP35,000 OfficeP 45,000 Initial OperationsP25,000TOTAL COSTP 105,000 The equipment include the sewing machines and the printing machines while the office includes the facilities like tables and chairs in the main office, printing room and sewing room. Profitability Analysis The simplest way of approximating profitability is to assume the expected payment of the consumers and subtract from it the expected expenses. The t-shirt appeals P160. 00 P300. 00. In example, a customer ordered 50 shirts and the quality of its design costs, lets say, P200. 00 each. 50 shirts X P200. 00 = P10, 000. 00For instance that the cost of expenses on each shirt is P120. 00, the business will earn a profit of P80. 00 for each shirt, with the total of P4, 000. 00, that is for 50 shirts. The profit of the company depends on the number of shirts a customer will ask. Thus, this computation is in approximation and still subjected for any changes if such is to be proven needed. Operational Expenses As for the computation, operational expenses are estimated to be around P120. 00 per shirt. For instance, there are 50 shirts to be printed (P120. 00 x 50), a total of P6000. 0 is the operational expense incurred. This amount should therefore be watched to monitor the operational expenses of the company. The general manager in this sense should consider allocating the remaining retained earnings as an allowance for PAINTWORK. Break-Even Point Analysis PAINTWORK ab initio invested P105, 000. 00 which is recoverable immediately after an approximately 5 months of successful regular operations. T he management placed the shirts at a price range which is cost efficacious and considering wholesaler as our major target market.The average price of a t-shirt is P160. 00, more affordable than expected though it has many benefits and price will be stable and not to become a big deal at all. Performance and Appraisal Program The company will conduct an paygrade on the employees in which the supervisor evaluates their procedure the result of the evaluation will be given to the employees indicating the level of their performance areas of improvement. This evaluate will be the innovation for the increase of their salary and promotion for employees.The following factors that the company will consider 1. A manager and employee shall hold formal appraisal meetings once or double a year. 2. Employees should be given immediate and adequate feedback regarding their performance. The manager and supervisor should maintain a record of critical incident specific situation, task, action and r esult negative and positive. 3. Managers and supervisors are accountable for evaluating performance in developing their subordinates. The manager and supervisor should also be appraising in their performance management skills. 4.The performance appraisal system shall encourage the employees participation in the company. Timetable PAINTWORK DATE ACTIVITIES START 2nd week, serve April 2012 Feasibility studies, research and Analysis 2nd week, March 2nd week, July 2012 Capital Contribution 3rd week, April 2nd week, May 2012 Registration Permit and other Licenses 1st and 2nd week, April 2012 Canvassing of Raw Materials and Location of the Business 3rd week, June 2nd week of July 2012 Setting the Place of the Business 1st and 2nd week, June 2012 Recruitment and Hiring of Employees 1st week , August 2012Purchasing of Raw Materials and Equipment fourth week, August 2012 Training of Employees 1st week, September 2012 Ribbon Cutting and Start of the Normal Business Operation

Evaluate the dramatic impact of the supernatural Essay

Shakespeares village, tells the story of the prince of Denmark, a headstrong and passionate young man, who is seeking revenge for the murder of his father. He achieves this but tragically loses his own life in the process. The audience of Shakespeares time would have been newly deemed Protestant, as settlement makes reference to a belief in Purgatory, is neer clear whether or not Shakespeare follows a particular religious line, however the audience would certainly have been familiar with the concept. The protestant beliefs differed little from those of the Roman Catholics.The unaccompanied drastic changes beingness the Protestants acceptance of divorce, and exclusion of the belief in Purgatory I am thy fathers spirit, Doomed for a certain term to walk the night, And for the day wrapped to fast in fires Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature Are burnt and purged away (1. 5. 9-13) Whilst the existence of the ghost is a greens belief in Elizabethan England, and evidence f or the existence of an afterlife, he speaks of his confinement in what can be assumed to purgatory or hell.Purgatory is re acted as being the state between heaven and hell in which tainted souls are purged of their crimes and sent, in a state of purity to heaven. This belief is a uniquely Catholic one. However recently, the Pope has stated that Purgatory is a state of mind rather than a physical place, and whilst a person is in that state of mind, repenting of their sins, they will be allowed to enter heaven upon death. This reflects upon a change in the nature of the Catholic Church as well as a laxity in the organise of religious education.Religion in Shakespeares England was a much more prominent part of life than it is in comparison with today. The multicultural nation we brisk in now was then dominated by the chosen religion of the monarch. At this smirch the religion was Protestantism. As Elizabeth the first was on the throne. Whilst being a protestant, Elizabeth was record ed as being tolerant of Catholic beliefs. This adjustment to a protestant life would still have left some remnants of Catholicism in its path.Redemption and the state of the immortal soul after death was one of the main beliefs of the Catholic Church and the Protestant faith, however to less of an extent and this is reflected as it is one of the main themes in Hamlet. This manifests itself in several ways. For example, it is Hamlets belief in the afterlife and desire to act as ultimate say is what stays his hand as Claudius unwittingly tries to pray in the church A villain kills my father, and for that I his sole do this same villain light To heavenClaudius, as he appeared to be praying, would have died in a state of grace with god and gone to purgatory or heaven rather than hell, which is where Hamlet would much prefer Claudius spent eternity. This is in line with the religious beliefs of the time. Therefore to the audience of the time, hell would have been a much more real and p resent threat than today. As attendance at church was mandatory and punishable by time in the stocks, the majority of the audience would be familiar with the concept. The come alive of hell is another concept the audience would have been familiar with is the heat of hell.Shakespeare makes reference to this in act one scene five, and it is also a point of reference in the word of honor And shall cast them into a furnace of fire there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 1342) At this point in history, the bible was first being translated from Latin into English. So religion reached the British public on mass on new levels. In Hamlet, the fires and sulphur of hell are3 referred to ab initio by the ghost When I to sulphrous and tormenting flames Must render up myself (1. 5. 2-3)Whether the ghost of Old Hamlet is residing in hell or Purgatory is an issue which Shakespeare leaves open and unresolved. This leaves the Shakespearian audience with the question of whether there was a hope of redemption for Old Hamlet, and in relation themselves. The ghost uses a great deal of apocalyptic imagery, increase the dramatic impact of his words on the upstart and contextual audience Oh horrible, oh horrible, most horrible If thou hast nature in thee bare it not allow not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damned incest (1. 5. 80-84).The relationship between Claudius and Gertrude would have been seen as incest n Shakespeares time, whilst it would be more delicious today. This declaration is seen coming from the mouth of the ghost. To a contextual audience, this would greatly increase the sense of urgency, and condemn incest as being against god. This shows the audience of Shakespeares time was far more greatly affected by the supernatural, religion and the afterlife than today. As today, our understanding of religious teaching is far less all-encompassing than this, and applies to a far smaller proportion of society.Shakespeares accuracy regar ding religious beliefs of the time would have had a far larger impact on the audiences of the time, as these beliefs directly related to their lives. These beliefs were taken a great deal more seriously by the majority of the country. Evidence for this is that the clergy, in the social hierarchy was warrant to the nobility the church was often consulted in parliamentary matters. In contrast to today, where the church, still an influential force, is influential over far fewer people. To a modern audience, Hamlet offers an insight into the mindset of the 1600s audience.This interest in the afterlife, and the duality between life and death occurs in more than one of his plays. Macbeth for example is in full aware of the apocalyptic consequences of murdering the king, placed there by god. Today, the divine right of kings is less of an issue as we live in a country be given by an elected parliament based on a voting system involving universal suffrage. A similarity between the Shakesp earean audiences perception and a modern audiences perception of Hamlet is the human fascination with death and the afterlife.Shakespeare clearly shows the Roman Catholic perception of death, one of the few acceptable at the time. This would have relevance to a much smaller percentage of the modern audience. Rather than appeal to the darker side of a Roman Catholic belief, Hamlet tempts the inquisitive and growing, almost pagan darkness in society. The ghost of Old Hamlet is the most vivid appearance of the supernatural directly influencing the play. It is a life-and-death issue whether or not the ghost is the past king of Denmark.

Motorcycle Helmet Laws Essay

The NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) estimates that helmets protected 1,784 motorcyclists from death in 2007. If all motorcyclists had worn helmets, an supernumerary 800 lives could have been saved. As an avid ride operator, I have been in a few close calls of my own. Luckily for me, if something would have occurred, I would have at least been safer due to my motorcycle helmet. It is safe to say that thousands of lives could be saved each year by national adoption of universal helmet laws.From 1984 through 1995, helmets saved the lives of more than 7,400 motorcyclists. However, more than 6,300 additional deaths could have been prevented if all riders had been have on helmets (tntrafficsafety. org). There are minor debates about one not feeling comfortable speckle riding with a helmet because of to the weight of it. However, manufacturers make carbon fiber helmets that have virtually no weight. On average they weight around two to tercet pounds. They are a b it more expensive than your average helmet. However, one cant put a price on life.Safety should unimpeachably be the underlying factor, especially since riding a motorcycle is already considered dangerous in itself. The analysis of fatal crash data from 2008 to 2010 showed 12 portion of motorcyclists in states with universal helmet laws were not wearing helmets, but 64 percent of riders were not wearing helmets in states with partial helmet laws and 79 percent werent wearing helmets in states with no helmet laws. According to CDC Director Dr. Thomas Frieden, Increasing motorcycle helmet use can save lives and money.In 2010, more than $3 billion in economic be were saved due to helmet use in the United States. another(prenominal) $1. 4 billion could have been saved if all motorcyclists had worn helmets (www. ohsonline. com). yearbook cost savings in states with universal motorcycle helmet laws for motorcycle riders and passengers were nearly four times more per registered motorc ycle than in states without them, according to a morbidness and Mortality Weekly Report study. Annual medical checkup, productivity, and other costs ranged from a high of $394 million in California (which has a universal helmet law) to a unhopeful of $2.6 million in New Mexico (which has a partial law). Studies comparing hospital costs of helmeted and un-helmeted motorcyclists involved in crashed have found costs for un-helmeted riders to average $3,000 more than for helmeted riders. And, riders who dont wear helmets are less likely to have health insurance, resulting in the cost of their care be forced on to taxpayers.. Not only does wearing a helmet save lives, it also saves the rider money. The financial burden for treatment and care of uninsured motorcycle crash victims is placed on the government and taxpayers.In 2005, Maryland estimated that a repeal of its all-rider helmet law would increase Medicaid expenditures by $1. 2 million in the send-off year and annually up to $1 . 5 million thereafter. All-rider helmet laws will increase motorcycle helmet use, decrease deaths and injuries, and save taxpayer dollars. This is why all states should have a helmet law. Another reason that helmet laws should be passed in all states is because according to the Office of Highway Safety Planning, riders without helmets are 40% more likely to suffer fatal maneuver injuries than those with helmets, and are 15% more likely to incur nonfatal decimal point injuries.This is why it is imperative that each state adopts a helmet law. A rider already has a disadvantage because they are not protected as they would in the cabin of a car or truck with seat belts and airbags. There is secret code holding the rider down on the motorcycle at the point of an impact. So if, and when an impact occurs, the chances of a fatal brain injury are high in an individual who rides without a helmet on. Every state should adopt a helmet law for motorcycle drivers. Simply put, motorcycle helm ets save lives. Point. Blank. Period.Death rates from head injuries are twice as high among motorcyclists in states without all-rider helmet laws. Motorcycle helmets are 37 percent effective in preventing motorcyclist deaths and 67 percent effective in preventing brain injuries (tnttrafficsafety. org). A helmet can possibly save the life of the rider, and any future suffering caused to their family due to possible death and costs in medical bills. Making helmet laws mandatory will be a win-win situation for everyone.References Motorcycle safety (Rev. Oct. 1999. ed. ). (1999). Washington, D. C. U. S. Dept.of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Highway safety NHTSAs motorcycle helmet activities. (1997). Washington, D. C. The Office. Chenier, T. C. , & Evans, L. (1984). Motorcyclist fatalities and the repeal of mandatory helmet wearing laws. Warren, Mich. General Motors Research Laboratories. Motorcycle helmet use laws. (1999).Washington, DC U. S. Dept. o f Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Http//saferoads. org/files/Top%20Ten%20Reasons%20for%20Helmet%20Law%20091107. pdf Http//tntrafficsafety. org/sites/ default/files/motorcyclehelmets1. pdf.

Financing of University Education in Kenya

QN) With close reference to university education in Kenya, discuss the various means of financing education and evaluate the candour implications. To answer this claim, we start by defining critical terms so as to clearly buzz off the full meaning of this assertion. rearing is the process act or process of impacting or acquiring general fellowship, developing the powers of reasoning and judgement, and generall(a)y of preparing oneself or differentwises intellectually for mature life.It can a the like be defined as the process of acquiring desirable skills, attitudes and knowledge, as for a profession University education means the rack upity of general and specialized knowledge and skills that enable a university graduate to solve problems that he encounters in industry or to perform scientific explore or pedagogical work at bottom the ara of specialized knowledge that he has acquired.Financing refer to how great deal allocate their assets over time and conditions of ce rtainity and uncertainity while education financing refers to any aspect of natural elevation and spending revenue for educational purposes. Kenya as one of the developing countries in Afrca is faced with the problem of financing its education. Despite the role of the universities in teaching, undertaking research and training of skilled manpower for economic development, public and private universities in developing countries especially those in Africa are facing fiscal crisis.Universities in Kenya go abouts financial aids from different sources which include finances from parents, self finance, Banks-some banks give education loanwords to students or parents, cooperative societies, Constituency Development FundsC. D. F, scholarships from educational institutions e. g universities, charitable organizations, HELB loans, Harambees, Donations, bursaries among others. Sources of educational finances are both internal and external.Internal funds refers to finances from within the inst itution for example Fees from the students, Income generating activities among others. While external funds come from outside the university for example ghostly organizations, Funds from central and local government, companies and organizations, scholarships, loans, International bodies, Non- Governmental Organization(NGOs) etc.Central and local government are generally the just about important sources of educational finances. The government is generally the most important and crucial source of funding for university education. The government by the parliament passed a bill that seeks to introduce radical changes to higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education, establishing a Commission for University Education(C. U.E) to be vested with wide-ranging powers as one of four new bodies running the sector in the country. The universities shape 2012 published on 24th September in Kenya gazette supplement 121 and signed by higher education, science and technology minister Margaret Kamar ab olishes the decades old Commission for Higher Education(C. H. E) which has hitherto regulated the sector and replaces it with the Commission for University Education.The universities Act 2012 stipulates that funds of a public university shall comprise such sums as may be granted to the university by the parliament, such monies or assets as may light to or vest in the public university in the course of the exercise of its powers or the performance of its functions under this Act or under any other written law and all monies from any other source provided for or donated or lent to the public university with the approval of the cabinet secretary responsible for finance and the cabinet secretary responsible for university education. this act mandates the central government to advance money to the public universities for running of the programmes and activities. The government gives grants to the public universities and this money is budgeted for, in the ministry for higher education bu dget and this is captured in the annual budget.The grants are given to all universities oblivious of the programmes that they offer. The government through the parliament passed a bill that saw the founding of the Constituency Development Act that was aimed to rationalize development across the country by ensuring that all areas across Kenya had a fair share of the money set away for development. Through the various committees established in each constituency, students in the universities are able to access bursaries to aid them in paying school fees. This bursary is given to people who are needy and who cannot afford education fees.For the equal distribution of the funds, the Kenyan government is giving a lot of charters to the new mushrooming universities, this is to make sure all the regions in the country get access to higher education hence equity implications. Higher Education Loans Board(H. E. L. B) is another source of funding. H. E. L. B is a cite corporation whose mand ate is to source funds and provide loans, scholarships and bursaries to Kenyans examine in recognized institutions of Higher learning. It was established by an act of parliament a edict known as Higher Education Loans Board Act 1995,,and it was legally as Act number 3 of 1995. It came into existence on 21st July, 1995 through Kenya gazette supplement (CAP 213A). higher education loans board administers the student loans scheme.The board is also empowered to re crown all outstanding loans given to former university students by the government of Kenya since 1952 through Higher Education Loans Fund(HELF) and to establish a revolving fund from which funds can be drawn to lend out to needy Kenyan students pursuing higher education. The establishment of a revolving fund was expected to ease pressure on the exchequer in financing education which currently stands at 40% of the annual national budget. Its vision is to be the best preferred financier of Kenyans pursuing higher education and the mission is to provide affordable loans bursaries and scholarships to Kenyans studying in recognized institutions of higher education.The board disburses loans to any Kenyan undergraduate students enrolled in government or self-sponsored programmes in Kenyan universities and other universities in other member states of east Africa community recognized by the Commision for higher education(CHE) The government through Higher Educations Loans Board ensures equity is maintained in acquisition of higher educaton since throough the electronic and online application of the sponsorship by the government, all needy students can apply for the loan irrespective of where they come from since the loan is granted depending on the level of need.Besides the loan being given to only students who qualify to go to the university by getting the required cluster set by Joint Admission Board(JAB), also students who induce attained the minimum entry requirements of being admitted by a university in Kenya which is a C+(plus) are able to access this grant hence allowing them to get university education through the Self-sponsored program and thus ensuring equity across the two programs. Financing of higher education in Kenya is also be done by institutions and organizations. For instance, Kenya Youth Education scholarship Fund has a mission to help needy and deserving youth with limited financial resources who display academic uprightness and the desire to acquire practical skills and knowledge to enhance self reliance by pursuing higher education. The scholarship that they advance to the qualified candidates only caters for cultivation and upkeep only but the cost of other accessories like personal effects is on the beneficiary.This scholarship is mostly biased to women and the aim is to enhance equity so that the girl child can as well access higher education as their male counter parts who form a large chuck of the students in the universities. USAID is another institution t hat sponsors university in Kenya. Each year, it sponsors around 18 higher education scholarships to Kenyan students. These scholarship are offered to students from marginalized communities in Eastern and north Eastern regions and urban slums of Nairobi. The scholarship targets the minority muslim group. For one to qualify he or she must have attained the minimum of getting entry in university in Kenya. The aim for the cholarship is to bridge the gap that is so prevalent in these regions since most people dont get the chance to pursue higher education because of the cultural dictates where girls are married off at an early age and where girl-child education is not treated with a lot of importance that it deserves. The effort by USAID ensures that most girls from these environments get university education and empowers. Some universities get direct offers of worldwide and local scholarships. For instance Kenyatta university through the force of Orphans and Vulnerable students gives scholarships to total and/or partial orphans to enable them to pursue their university education with a lot of ease. The scholarship usually covers full tuition fees for students wwho are total orphans and have been admitted to Kenyatta university.The selection is done after a careful scrutiny of documents to ascertain the level of need for the applicants. For the case of partial scholarships, the university pays 25% of the total tuition fees e precise year until the end of the degree program. The scholarship is given to students with proven high level of performance and genuine need for financial assistance. The university also caters for other students who have been admitted to the university and are already enrolled in one of the its programs. It gives internal butsaries to students with financial need based on the level of vulnerable students.Also, the university awards post graduate scholarships which cover the tuition fees for masters programs. The scholarship is awarded based on higher academic performance. Many universities have followed suit and are awarding scholarships to their students. This effort helps in ensuring that as many people are able to access university education even those who come from poor and destitute backgrounds because when their tuition fees is paid for, then they find it very easy to get some money for upkeep but if they have problems of fees payment, then their education may be disrupted and may be halted.Other organizations like UNESCO have fellowships that are offered to both students and teachers who want to pursue higher education in fields that enhance sustainable human development and foster international understanding and a culture of peace. It offers fellowships in the following thematic areas education, natural sciences, social, human sciences, culture, communication and information. The aim is to enhance equity and access of university education since these are mostly given to students who exhibit some level of finan cial need and are high performers in academics.

Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy Health And Social Care Essay

The estimated incidence of OBPP in the UK and the Republic of Ireland is 0.42 1 , in the US 1.5 23 and in other western states 1-3 per 1000 unrecorded sustains 3,5,9,22,24-30 . Variations in the estimated incidence may be explained by differences in populations and in the antenatal and intrapartum direction 31,32 .A population-based survey from western Sweden estimated that betwixt 1999-2001 the incidence of OBPP was 2.9 per 1000 unrecorded births, and of prevailing OBPP was 0.46 per 1000 births ( REF Lagerkvist ) . . In other survey from Sweden Bager 13 had antecedently represent an addition in the incidence of brachial plexus paralysis ( BPP ) from 1.3 per 1000 vaginal pitchs in 1980 to 2.2 per 1000 vaginal takes in 1994.Chauhan et Al. 3 comp bed two preen periods ( 1980-1991 1991-2002 ) and found that the incidence of OBPP has non changed significantly ( 0.9 per 1000 and 1.0 per 1000 severally ) .Gurewitsch et Al. 10 estimated an incidence of 5.8 per 1000 b etween the old ages 1993 and 2004 and noted that this remained changeless during the period of their survey. umteen writers extradite admitted that an addition in the ces aran subdivision rates over the past few decennaries may hold been counteracted by an increased birth lean. Further much, despite the entry of systematic preparation in the direction of lift dystocia with impost of standard functions, manikins and simulators no important decrease of the incidence of OBPP has been noted.Hazard FactorsThe endanger figures for OBPP are foetal, maternalistic, and obstetric, 37 the well-nigh important being foetal macrosomia 3,18,20,22,26-28 which is a hazard factor for elevate dystocia 27,38-42 . Nesbitt et al conducted a big population based survey and reported the undermenti mavind rates of shoulder dystocia for single-handed births of nondiabetic pistillate parents 5.2 % for birthweight 4000-4250g, 9.1 % for 4250-4500g, 14.3 % for 4500-4750g, and 21.1 % for 47 50-5000g ( Nesbitt et al. 1998 ) .OBPP after rear of quantityrel deliverances can besides return, normally in low birthweight foetuss 43,44 . The upper roots are often unnatural in these instances and the wounds tend to be more terrible 45 .Diabetess mellitus 22 , fleshiness 46,47 or inordinate weight addition 47 , maternal age ( & gt 35years ) 48 , maternal pelvic anatomy ( platypelloid, level pelvic girdle ) 3,22,27,39,40,49 and primiparity 50 are common maternal hazard factors. Diabetess mellitus is a important hazard factor for OBPP, as it oft causes foetal macrosomia 51 . Nesbitt et Al found that the hazard of shoulder dystocia for single-handed births to diabetic big effeminates was 8.4 % , 12.3 % , 19.9 % , and 23.5 % when the birth weight was 4000-4250g, 4250-4500g, 4500-4750g, or & gt 4750g, severally. ( Nesbitt et al. 1998 ) . Mild glucose intolerance in adult females without diabetes is besides associated with hazards of OBPP, proposing that th ere is a continuum of glucose-insulin impact on foetal growing that is correlated to the hazard of OBPP 52 .Shoulder dystocia is a major hazard factor for OBPP 9,22,24,40,54-57 . The reported incidence of OBPP in bringings complicated by shoulder dystocia varies widely from 4 % to 40 % 14,57,58 and the incidence of tenacious brachial rete wound after shoulder dystocia is 1.6 % 59 . Although foetal macrosomia is the most important hazard factor for shoulder dystocia and is associated with most of the other hazard factors ( maternal diabetes, multiparity, old macrosomic baby, drawn-out gestation, maternal fleshiness or inordinate weight addition ) , about half of the instances of shoulder dystocia descend in babies & lt 4000g ( Acker et al. 1985 ) .The hazard of OBPP is increased by labour abnormalcies. OBPP occurs more often in induced labours 52 . Cephalopelvic or fetopelvic disproportion ( the size or maculation of the foetal point or the foetus precludes transition into the maternal pelvic recess ) is a hazard factor for shoulder dystocia and OBPP. A relentless occipito- posterior ramble 65 has been associated with an increased incidence of OBPP. Lurie et al 60 found no difference in rates of distension or continuance of the second manakin in instances with shoulder dystocia and concluded that protracted labour was non a hazard factor for it. Gross et al 66 showed that a drawn-out 2nd degree increased the hazard of OBPP, but concluded that shoulder dystocia can non be predicted from labour abnormalcies. Weizsaecker et al support the association of drawn-out 2nd sort in labour with OBPP independent of macrosomia, diabetes, and other factors 52 . Several other surveies considered a drawn-out 2nd phase as a hazard factor for shoulder dystocia 46,62,67-69 and for OBPP 27,66 . In contrast, a high incidence of hasty 2nd phase of labour among babies with OBPP has besides been demonstrated 70 . However, Poggi et al suggest that alth ough hasty 2nd phase is the most prevailing labour abnormalcy associated with shoulder dystocia, no feature of second-stage of labour predicts lasting brachial rete hurt 37 . working vaginal bringing is another hazard factor for shoulder dystocia and OBPP 3,21,22,26,27,68,71,72 . In Nesbitt s survey the hazard of shoulder dystocia for operational vaginal bringings to diabetic female parents was 12.2 % for babies 4000-4250g, 16.7 % for those 4250-4500g, 27.3 % for those 4500-4750g, and 34.8 % for those 4750-5000g ( Nesbitt et al. 1998 ) . Cesarean subdivision decreases the hazard, but OBPP may still happen accounting for merely 1-4 % of all instances 22 73 .When looking at combinings of hazard factors including panache of bringing, maternal diabetes and foetal macrosomia 22 , the incidence of OBPP appears similar in aided vaginal bringings of nondiabetic adult females and self-generated vaginal bringings in diabetic adult females. The combination of maternal diabetes, fo etal macrosomia ( & gt 4500g ) and assisted vaginal bringing has the highest OBPP rate ( 7.8 % ) . Gilbert et amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have besides shown stronger associations between shoulder dystocia and brachial rete hurt with increasing birth weights. Twenty two per cent of neonates weighing 2.5-3.5kg with OBPP besides had shoulder dystocia, which increases to 74 % in newborns weighing more than 4.5kg. Overall, 53 % of brachial rete hurt instances were associated with shoulder dystocia. The frequence of diagnosing of other malpresentation was increased ( OR 73.6, 95 % CI 66, 83 ) in this survey. This determination, h legonizing to the writers, suggests that brachial rete hurt has other causes in add-on to shoulder dystocia and might ensue from an abnormalcy during the antepartum or intrapartum period 22 .A old gestation complicated with OBPP is another hazard factor 74 . Al-Qattan and al-Kharfy 74 reported a high return rate in adult females with history of old ch ildbearing with lasting OBPP and advocated elected caesarean bringing in these instances particularly if there is besides foetal macrosomia. However it is non known whether these consequences would use to instances of old impermanent OBPP. Gordon et al 6 besides found that 14 % of their 59 topics with OBPP were born to female parents who had given birth to babes with OBPP in old gestations.PathogenesisOBPP has been considered as a effect of inordinate hair discover and squint extension exerted on the foetal cervix during bringing, which consequences in stretch(a)ing, rupturing or avulsing the cervical nervus roots from the spinal cord 75 . However, OBPP may happen in the absence of either grip or any identifiable hazard factors. During labour, the brachial rete is exposed to two potentially harmful bosoms the endogenic ( intrauterine ) depicts and exogenic ( grip ) militarys use by the clinician.Mathematical theoretical accounts, manikins and computing machine simulatio ns have been used to quantify the forces applied on the brachial rete and the threshold for doing hurt. Although these surveies assay to objectively quantify the grade of both endogenetic and exogenic forces, their consequences should be interpreted with cautiousness due to their experimental genius.exogenic ( grip ) forcesIf the foetal shoulders remain in a relentless anteroposterior place at the pelvic recess, as observed in instances of foetal macrosomia with an increased bisacromial diam ( e.g. , with maternal diabetes mellitus ) 76,77 or precipitate 2nd phase of labour 54,70 the anterior shoulder may go wedged tardily the symphysis pubic bone and far-offther descent of the foetal caput consequences in stretching of the anterior brachial rete. In shoulder dystocia the applied force and the clip to present the foetal shoulders is frequently significantly increased. Forceful downward grip of the caput when the shoulder is impacted under the symphysis pubic bone can pot entially ensue in farther impaction and cause overstretching and hurt of the brachial rete. Downward grip of the foetal caput appears strongly associated with OBPP ( OR 15.2, 95 % C.I. 8.4-27.7 ) and the hazard is significantly increased with the grip force applied. Rotation of the shoulders into oblique pelvic diameter is besides associated with hazard of OBPP ( OR 5.5, C.I. 1.6-18.9 ) 30 . Gonik et al 88 , showed that downward sidelong flexure of the foetal caput was associated with a 30 % addition in brachial rete stretch ( 18.2 % ) compared with axial placement of the caput ( 14 % ) .Furthermore, the foetal caput is in an unnaturally distorted place in relation to the shoulders, as the shoulders remain in the AP diameter at the recess while the caput has rotated in the AP diameter at the mercantile establishment Sandmire, 2009 6162 . The badness of the hurt may depend on the grade of grip, writhing and extension of the foetal caput Sandmire, 2008 6057 . The usage of f orce feeling devices has shown that the applied extremum grip forces are about 47 N for everyday bringings, 69 N for hard bringings, and 100 N for bringings complicated by shoulder dystocia, proposing that, as the badness of dystocia additions, stronger grip is normally observed 86 .Even in bringings non complicated by shoulder dystocia the forces applied during downward grip can be frequently underestimated as significant forces were found to hold been used in many OBPP instances 30 . Direct coalition of the symphysis pubic bone against the brachial rete may besides be a conducive factor to injury 13 .OBPP may happen disregardless of the figure and type of manoeuvres used in instances of shoulder dystocia 12,14,69 , but the trouble to accomplish bringing of the shoulders and the demand for extra manoeuvres is correlated to the hazard of OBPP. Experimental surveies utilizing pelvic and foetal theoretical accounts, tactile feeling baseball mitts and computerised information s acquisition systems have besides shown that as the trouble of the bringing increases with increasing grip forces, there is a concentration of force on the brachial rete from exogenously applied sidelong flexure 87 . In these experiments it was demonstrated that the wider the foetal shoulder girth, the greater the force demands and the higher the incidence of hurt. In contrast, the McRoberts manoeuvre appeared to cut down the grade of brachial rete stretching. Slightly more than 10 % of the shoulder dystocia instances that resolve with the McRoberts manoeuvre entirely have brachial plexus hurt 78 . After an unsuccessful McRoberts manoeuvre, brachial plexus hurt rates range from 15.7 % if bringing is achieved by the Woods manoeuvre to 31.8 % if bringing of the posterior arm is undertaken 14 .Intrauterine causesAs several instances of OBPP occur in the absence of grip or any known hazard factors, hurts to the brachial rete may be caused by the normal forces of labour and bri nging. In one of the first surveies proposing that OBPPs are non needfully caused by clinician-applied grip, it was estimated that 26 out of the 51 OBPP instances were non associated with a bringing complicated by shoulder dystocia. Gordon, 1973 615 . Since so, several other surveies have shown that about half of all OBPPs are non associated with shoulder dystocia 5,12,13,18,19 and many instances have non been preceded by a hard bringing or grip on the anterior shoulder 20,79,80 . Harmonizing to different series, up to 20 % of lasting OBPPs are non associated with shoulder dystocia Chauhan, 2005 48 Sandmire, 2009 6162 . Jennett et al 18 concluded that brachial plexus hurt might be the consequence of intrauterine maladaptation and should non be needfully considered as leading facie grand of birth procedure hurt.In the absence of shoulder dystocia, OBPP occurs by a different mechanism 81 . The mickle of OBPPs in the absence of shoulder dystocia ( 67.7 % ) appear to impact the posterior arm 59,84 . OBPPs of the posterior arm ( 39 % of all OBPPs Gherman, 1998 114 ) or after cesarean bringing suggest an intrauterine cause 3,4,18,19,27,38,82,83 . Brachial plexus stretching may be caused by an wedged posterior shoulder on the sacral head word while the propulsive forces of labour cause farther descent of the foetus Sandmire, 2002 79 . OBPPs may besides be secondary to compaction of the brachial rete on the sacral capitulum. Sandmire and DeMott Sandmire, 2009 6162 back up the impression that after the caput is delivered, the posterior shoulder can non be obstructed as the distance from the headland to the vaginal mercantile establishment ( 12-13 centimeter ) is excessively long to allow obstructor of the posterior shoulder and the foetal cervix can non be stretched that far Sandmire, 2002 79 , It is hence of paramount importance to document the place of the caput and shoulders in a instance of shoulder dystocia, as this type of hur t caused by impaction of the posterior shoulder on the sacral headland is unrelated to any action of the clinician and should non be considered negligent.Mathematical theoretical accounts have been used to quality the exogenic and endogenous forces on the brachial rete during shoulder dystocia 89 . The endogenous forces were estimated to be 4 to 9 times higher than the clinician-applied forces ( 91.1 to 202.5 kPa vs 22.9 kPa ) proposing that self-generated endogenous forces may lend well to OBPP. However the writers of this survey acknowledged that their theoretical account did non account for a figure of confusing factors including wanton tissue opposition, the disintegration of force throughout the womb or the compound consequence of grip and compaction forces. Further unfavorable judgment on this theoretical account center on the gross premises made for the impaction site, the parametric quantities specifying the endogenous force distribution and the broad scope of contact force per unit areas between the foetal cervix and the symphysis pubic bone, which includes values that in existent life would transcend the fatal bounds 90 .Harmonizing to a little series, all of the 6 OBPPs following atraumatic cesarean subdivision had relentless hurt after a twelvemonth 85 . Brachial rete hurts have occured even when cesarean bringing was performed in early labour 82,85 .Uterine anomalousnesss, such as a put down uterine section fibroid or an intrauterine septum, may ensue in unnatural intrauterine force per unit areas and hurt to the brachial rete 85 . OBPP and phrenic nervus paralysis associated with a bicornuate womb have besides been reported 80 .Allen et Al, utilizing delivering simulators found that greatest stretch occurred in the posterior brachial rete during descent in non-shoulder dystocia bringings, whereas anterior brachial rete stretch, rotary motion, and extension were similar among non-shoulder dystocia, one-sided and bilateral shoulder dystocia bringings. The writers concluded that shoulder dystocia per Se does non present extra hazard of brachial rete stretch over everyday bringings 91 . However, they admitted that they did non command for loss of musculus tone secondary to hypoxia, the simulations were undertaken merely in occiput anterior place and the continuance of the 2nd phase in their experiment was less than 2 proceedingss.Although these experiments have improved our cognition on the mechanisms of hurt, clinical verification of their consequences is virtually im realistic due to the emergent nature of shoulder dystocia and methodological and ethical issues around clinical research on the foetus during labour.Prediction and PreventionOur ability to foretell OBPP is rather limited as the bulk of the affected babies have no identifiable hazard factors 67 . In a series of 63 OBPPS most of the patients were nondiabetic ( 89 % ) , nonobese ( 76 % ) , had normal labour ( 91 % ) , and did non hold an assiste d bringing ( 79 % ) . No hazard factors were identified in about 30 % of OBPP instances in another survey by Peleg et al 27 . Multiple logistic arrested development analysis utilizing prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors predicted merely 19 % of the brachial rete hurts in the series of Perlow et Al 54 . Donnelly et Als have besides concluded that OBPP is non predictable by hazard factor hiting or analysis of the partogram 63 .Shoulder dystocia, a major hazard factor for OBPP is mostly unpredictable. Statistical theoretical accounts have been developed to gauge this hazard utilizing combinations of birth weight, maternal tallness and weight, gestational age and para 92,93 . The presence of denary hazard factors appears to be a forecaster for shoulder dystocia 94 . Designation of hazard factors and an prenatal direction with tight control of glucose degrees in pregnant adult females with diabetes may cut down the incidence of foetal macrosomia and shoulder dystocia.A program for bringing in high hazard instances should include a multidisciplinary squad attack with a senior accoucheuse or an experient obstetrician available at the 2nd phase.Initiation of labourInitiation of labour has been antecedently recommended in instances of suspected macrosomia, in order to cut down the hazard of shoulder dystocia and birth hurt, nevertheless, a Cochrane reappraisal showed that initiation of labour for nondiabetic adult females with suspected foetal macrosomia does non look to cut down the hazards of maternal or neonatal morbidity 95 .Cesarean SectionThe hazard of brachial plexus hurt is lower in cesarean bringings 3,96 . If identifiable hazard factors are present, an elected cesarean delivery bringing might forestall OBPP. Yeo et al suggested that bringings by elected cesarean subdivision for birthweights in surplus of 4kg would forestall 44 % of shoulder dystocias and halve the perinatal mortality among births with shoulder dystocia with a 2 % subse quent addition of the cesarean subdivision rate 97 . On the other manus, Gilbert et Al found that 92 % of the high hazard patients ( diabetic adult females delivered by operative vaginal bringing with babies of & gt 4.5kg birthweight ) did non hold OBPP and cesarean bringing would hold been unneeded 22 . Although macrosomia is normally associated with OBPP, Rouse et Al 32 found no welfare to elected cesarean bringing in adult females with estimated foetal weights of & gt 4.5 kilogram, unless they were besides diabetic. These writers estimated that when elected cesarean bringing was performed for estimated foetal weights of a?4.5kg, 3695 cesarean delivery bringings would be required for the bar of one permanent OBPP, whereas a policy of elected cesarean delivery bringings for birthweights of a?4kg was associated with 2345 several cesarean bringings. For diabetic adult females, more favorable ratios for cesarian bringings were estimated 443 bringings with the 4.5kg policy, and 489 bringings with the 4kg policy. Ecker et al 38 besides suggested that at most birth weights, the figure of cesarean bringings necessary to forestall a individual hurt is high. In this survey, it was estimated that in nondiabetic adult females, between 19 and 162 cesarean subdivisions would hold been necessary to forestall a individual brachial rete hurt and among diabetic adult females between 5 and 48 extra cesarean delivery subdivisions would hold been required. The writers could hence non recommend the everyday usage of cesarean bringing in instances of macrosomia. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends that elected cesarean subdivision can be considered in diabetic adult females when the estimated foetal weight is & gt 4.5kg and in nondiabetic adult females when the estimated foetal weight is & gt 5kg 98 . Nonetheless, some writers advocate a policy of offering elected cesarean bringing to adult females with kids with lasting OBPP 22 .Maneuv ers at bringingFor the bar of shoulder dystocia, contraceptive manoeuvres at bringing ( McRobert s manoeuvre and suprapubic force per unit area ) have been evaluated, but there is deficiency of clear grounds to back up their modus operandi usage 99 .Management of shoulder dystociaThe purpose of direction should be bar of foetal asphyxia, while avoiding foetal and maternal hurt. The go toing accoucheuse or obstetrician should be able to acknowledge a shoulder dystocia instantly and continue through a bit-by-bit sequence of manoeuvres to hie bringing.Knowledge of the constructs that underlie manoeuvres and the practical inside informations of their executing appears much more effectual than cognition of the precise definitions or eponyms of each manoeuvre ( Crofts et al. 2008 ) .First telephone wire manoeuvresMc Roberts manoeuvre involves acute flexure of the hips while the adult female is on supine place. This place straightens the lumbosacral angle, leting descent of the posteri or shoulder. The maternal pelvic girdle is perpendicular to the way of the maternal expulsive forces.Gonik et al 88 , utilizing computing machine silent person theoretical accounts showed that with lithotomy placement, both endogenous and exogenic bringing forces were associated with brachial rete stretching during shoulder dystocia ( the per centum of brachial rete nervus stretch was 15.7 % vs 14.0 % , severally ) . McRoberts positioning resulted in 53 % less brachial rete stretch ( 6.6 % ) .Directed suprapubic force per unit area can be uninterrupted or rocking force per unit area on the posterior vista of the anterior shoulder which may ease adduction of the shoulders, a decrease of the bisacromial diameter and rotary motion to an oblique place.Second line manoeuvresDelivery of the posterior arm is undertaken by infixing the manus in the vagina posteriorly and using soft force per unit area at the antecubital pit to flex the foetal forearm, which is so grasped and sweep acros s the foetal thorax. If bringing of the posterior arm is achieved, the anterior arm rotates posteriorly or descends behind the symphysis pubic bone as Kung et Al showed that the shoulder dimensions are reduced by 2.5cms with this manoeuvre particularly in larger foetuss ( Kung et al. 2006 ) .Rubin s manoeuvre rotary motion of the shoulders is attempted by insertiong two fingers in the vagina behind the anterior shoulder. The shoulder is pushed frontward and the bisacromial diameter rotates into an oblique place. If unsuccessful, this can so be combined with the Woods prison guard manoeuvre.Forests prison guard force per unit area is applied with two fingers on the anterior facet of the posterior shoulder and use force per unit area taking to twine the foetus towards the same way as the Rubin manoeuvre.Reverse Woods prison guard with two fingers behind the posterior shoulder rotary motion is attempted in the opposite way to the original Woods prison guard.All these manoeuvres ai m to revolve the shoulders and enable bringing by conveying the anterior shoulder posteriorly. Interpolation of the whole manus in the vagina may enable better push on the shoulder and facilitate rotary motion ( Crofts et al. 2008 ) .All-fours the adult female is on her custodies and articulatio genuss and soft grip is applied taking to present the buttocks shoulder which may fall due to gravitation and to a possible addition of the anteroposterior diameter of the maternal pelvic girdle.Clavicular break although the bisacromial diameter is reduced with this manoeuvre, there is an increased hazard of iatrogenic brachial rete hurt, vascular and soft tissue foetal injury.Third line manoeuvresZavanelli manoeuvre involves flexure of the foetal caput, reversal of damages, rotary motion of the caput back to the occipito-anterior place, and replacing into the womb. Tocolytics and general anesthetic(a) agents are used for uterine relaxation. The foetus is so delivered by cesarean subdivisio n. Although this manoeuvre has success rates of up to 92 % , it is associated with terrible fetal and maternal morbidity including foetal hurts and deceases, uterine and vaginal rupture.Symphysiotomy requires surgical expertness and is associated with important hazards of lower urinary tract hurt. The patient is on a supine place and the thighs are abducted no more than 45IS from the midplane. A urethral catheter is inserted and the urethra is displaced laterally. Following local infiltration with lignocaine, a perpendicular pang scratch is made on the symphysis with a scalpel. The symphysis is normally partly separated by cutting through the fibers by rotational motion of the blade. This allows the anterior foetal shoulder to be disimpacted.In instances of shoulder dystocia, the hazards of OBPP may be reduced if manoeuvres are conducted suitably and forceful downward grip of the caput is avoided ( figure 1 ) . Gonik et al 88 , showed that downward sidelong flexure of the foetal c aput was associated with a 30 % addition in brachial rete stretch ( 18.2 % ) compared with axial placement of the caput ( 14 % ) .Fundal force per unit area should be avoided as it can decline shoulder dystocia and grip combined with fundal force per unit area can be associated with neurological complications 57 . Consequences may be better and hazards of OBPP lower if there is no terror, force per unit area on the fundus, sidelong grip or pivoting of the caput at the cervix and when tortuosity or rotational motion of the caput to revolve the shoulders is avoided Doumouchtsis, 2009 6174 .DecisionOBPP is a potentially annihilating complication of childbearing. Shoulder dystocia is merely one of a battalion of hazard factors for OBPP, most of which may be hard to foretell. Future research should be directed in prospective rating of the mechanisms of hurt, in order to enable accoucheurs, accoucheuses and other wellness attention professionals identify modifiable hazard factors, de velop preventative schemes and better perinatal results.

Political Philosophy and Thomas Hobbes Essay

The foresight, also named the Age of motive, was an era for the period of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The term Enlightenment also specific al unitaryy talks about a rational movement. Moreover, this movement provided a basis for the American and cut Revolutions. During this period, philosophers started to realize that by using reason they can find answers to their questions and solutions to their problems. Enlightenment philosophers believed that all human beings should drop freedom of religion and speech. Furthermore, they wanted to have a government of their own and a indemnify to vote.John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were two very important philosophical thinkers of their time. John Locke was a prominent thinker from England, and Thomas Hobbes is perhaps the most complete materialist philosopher of the seventeenth century. John Locke believed that people are good, and they should have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property but Thomas Hobbs main focus was how human beings can project out together in peace and evade the danger and fear of civil war. John Locke (1634-1704) was one of the most significant and powerful philosophers during the Enlightenment era.Both the French Enlightenment and Founding Fathers of the American Revolution drew on his thoughts. John Locke suggested that the human mind was a tabula rasa (blank slate). There were no innate ideas known from own by all people and society forms peoples mind. Since all people share the same undeveloped usual features, people are all equal and they determine their liberty. Locke said all human beings are equal expect women and Negroes because they are closer to the state of constitution therefore they are less(prenominal) civilized and this led to the American Revolution.Lockes most important work of policy-making philosophy was the Two Treatises on Government. He argued that the power of the king is derived from the people, all(prenominal) person has a right to hold proper ty, and if ruler takes this property from people without their own permission, people can depose and resist him. . Thomas Hobbes is another philosopher in 17th century who argued that people were naturally wicked and could not be trusted to govern. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was born in London. He finished his college education at Oxford University in England, where he studied classics.Hobbes was English philosopher, scientist, and historian, best known for his political philosophy, especially as expressed in his masterpiece Leviathan. In his boos he expound the state of nature where all persons were naturally equal. He said that people are frightened of violent death, and every single human on the satellite has a right to protect him/herself in any way possible. He assumed that its in peoples best interest to nullify war. Moreover, he believed that life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes do have some similari ties, they have different opinions about most of their political arguments. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two of the great political theorists of their time. Both created great philosophical texts that help to describe their opinions about mans state of nature in addition to the role of government in mans life. Both of them believed in individualism. Two years after the end of the English polished War, Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan. He believed people had a good personality, if they were left to their own plans, life would become a solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. He said if people give some of their freedom, they can have a harmless life. He believed people are always in competition with each other for the best food, shelter, money, and so on. Hobbes supposed the best way to protect citizens would be to have a sovereign that is threatening and supreme. . Lockes view of the state of nature says that humans have limits as to what people should or should not do. In contrast to Hobbes, Locke believed that humans are generally nice to one another, and we will not bother one another.Therefore, in Lockes state of nature, humans are peaceful. Locke believed that people had the basic principles needed for a civilized society, so they were allowed to have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. Locke believed rather than each person being equally at risk of death, each person was equally free and sovereign. The Enlightenment was an era of free cerebration and individualism. Different philosophers had enormous role in this era. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were philosophers from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Both philosophers had very strong views on freedom and how a rural area should be governed. Hobbes had more of a negative view on freedom while Lockes opinions are more positive. Work Cited Ferna? ndez Armesto, Felipe. The Exchange Of Enlightenments Eighteenth speed of light Thought. The World A History. Upper Saddle Ri ver Prentice Hall, 2010. 738-65. Print. SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on John Locke (16341704). SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 14 Mar. 2013 SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on Thomas Hobbes (15881679). SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.

Political Elite Revised Essay

Do you want to endure to the elect? Or do you sometimes feel that, in a way, you be pertinacious to the elect(ip)? Without its governmental meaning, the elite simply rival to a separate that possesses superior qualities than the rest. It is the cream of the ingathering. In one way or another, some of us may make water already experienced belonging to the elite, such as when we became part of an important club in school or belonged to the pass of the class.In the book Concept and Issues in Comparative Politics, Frank Wilson explained that when applied to politics, the term elite acquires a negative connotation to mean a small group who conspire to monopolize power and white plague it for their benefit. However, without this semipolitical meaning, term elite refers to those who ar active in political processes.Thus, Wilson stresses that not scarcely the politicians belong to the elite, just at present as well the opinion leaders and influence wielders and the senior ci vil servants. While politicians essay and hold elective or appointed government positions, influential figures participate in the process by shaping the ideas and preferences of others. This have gots the media and business group as parts of the political elite. Bureaucrats or senior civil servants argon also one of the components of the elite because they be involved in the policy- and decision-making processes in the government.Can a someone enter the circle of the elite by moving his or her way up in the bureaucracy? Yes, if the persons career achievements merit him or her to be recruited into the elite. Basically Wilson suggests two slipway of enlisting to the elite by achievement and by ascription. Recruitment by achievement does not only refer to technical skills, but also pertains to interpersonal, leadership or money-making skills. This is in stark contrast with the ascriptive mode of recruitment wherein a person automatically be manages a member of the elite because he or she was born with smooth-spoken spoon in the mouth, so to speak.Also, Wilson points out that recruitment by achievement is characteristic of developed political constitutions, while recruitment by ascription is more common in traditional societies. However, it is not funny to find elites by birth who also developed the necessary skills to lead by achievement. For voice, George W. Bush did not become the US President simply because he is the son of George H. W. Bush but his first-hand observation of his be confirmters former job, the Bushs network of influence, and the name recall surely helped in his campaign.Wilson also classifies elites into open and closed elites. The US is considered as one of the most open political recruitment processes because of the system of primary elections. One does not have to be a dedicated party worker to get nominated and eventually elected. According to Wilson, it also explains why movie stars could become elected officials, as well. clo se to democratic societies have open elites hence outsiders have multiple opportunities to enter the elite circle but at that place are also democratic societies which require aspiring politicians to serve apprenticeships in local or party politics. This is to prevent just anybody, especially those who are only famous, to get elected without any political experience. On the other hand, closed elites are characteristic of oppressive regimes wherein membership to the elite is controlled. In practice, however, there are also democratic regimes which also have closed elites, in a sense that judgment elites may hinder other members of the society from obtaining enough political leverage to become one of the political elite. For instance, I want to get in the elite circle because I have sufficient background, association and skills to become a leader, but the circle is controlled and very elitist (snobbish). Do I have other options if I do not get recruited through achievement? Yes, b y ascription such as by marrying a member of the elite, as Wilson stresses, or stage a revolt or a coup detat to overthrow the ruling elite. Nevertheless, violent successions of the elites usually happen when there is no predictability or long-established rules in the change of leadership. In most advanced political systems, there are approved procedures in the innovation and legitimation of leadership that would render the blood spill unnecessary.However, even if Wilson contends that unpredictable successions are common to swaggering regimes and third world countries, he also cites examples to the contrary. He takes particular exception to the Party politics in China which has proven that orderly manner of succession is possible, even in an authoritarian system. To add to this example are a number of illiberal democracies in Asia wherein rulers could maintain their hold in power, yet such undemocratic rule were long accepted by the people. Wilson also adds that there are other w ays to make the elites hold on power legitimate such as tradition, attractive appeal, accepted rational processes, and more importantly, capability of the political elite to deliver its promises to the people. The capability to perform to improve the welfare of the people could be a more powerful factor for legitimacy than election, and thus could make peoples obedience possible even if the rule is considered undemocratic. However, whether in democratic or authoritarian regimes, any elite that would exercise coercive force to command obedience from the people is bound to discontinue and that is when we observe violent or tense transitions of political power. Still, there is of all time a certain elite or a small group that would be most directly involved in the political processes. Even erstwhile socialist regimes which claimed to promote equality among the people have been ruled by elites, and have in fact used their position to perpetuate themselves in power. The widely-held n otion of democracy is that of a representative democracy. As such, it has been a nagging controversy in the studies of elite that even the most democratic systems are not truly democratic because political leadership is in the hands of a representative elite that would never mirror the general citizenry.Wilson has provided enough empirical evidence that those who usually get recruited into the elite are from the middle and upper classes, educated, from dominant societal groups, and male. Even if the elite would recruit from the ranks of the masses, those who would enter the elite would curtly acquire the certain values and perspectives that are characteristic of the elite. Thus they get absorbed into the system and could not possibly reform the system. As such radicals view that only by changing the system itself, say, by supplanting a genuinely socialist one, that political elitism would end.The above proposition is grounded on the assumption that elitism is bad, as Wilson has sc rutinized effectively. Breaking down this assumption brings us to the sub-assumptions that firstly, political elites always rules in its own silk hat interests and that secondly, the best political representation of a particular group is made by people who are from that group. Wilson debunks these assumptions for miss of sufficient empirical evidence.In the first instance, political elites ruling only on their interests give notice always be checked in democratic societies. In democratic systems wherein the succession of political power is resolute by elections, the ruling elites would have to bend to the wishes of important portions of the population because they would ultimately need their support come election time. Of course, it is also possible that the political elite sincerely care for the people that is why we now have welfare states and taxation systems that really hurt the rich and benefit the poor.The argument that one can best represent the interests the group where he or she comes from, at all times, may not always hold true since as Wilson explained in the text, new entrants to the elite may change their values by virtue of their position thus may render them useless in advancing his original group or class. A very concrete example would be the socialist Russian revolution which catapulted the working(a) class into power, which in the long run only became a self-seeking and self-defensive class of its own. Thus Wilson argues that a pluralist democracy, wherein various interests are articulated and political competition prevents domination of political power of a whiz set of elites, holds the answer to the controversy that bedevils the political elite. As such, the rule of the elites, per se, is not bad as long as it is in the context of a working pluralist democracy.

Merit: Why Do We Value It? Essay

Louis Pojman has stated three different opposing views about meritoriousness in terms of the societal and political aspects of philosophical attributes. The first one being influenced by Homeric subtlety called meritocracy. The second one guided by desert- familyd concept. The third one is base on free leave behind and responsibility. Meritocracy reveals that how people perceive and individual is subordinate on ones achievements and success, and the status or identify that one holds in society. This is accounted for regardless of the moral and belief value that one holds. The desert-based remains was rooted from the melodic theme of Immanuel Kant, which opposes the Homeric viewpoint of judgment and regard. The worth of a person is subject on ones intentions and moral values, as opposed to success and wealth that determines the worth of a person in the Homeric context. The third one is a more complex take on merit and desert.The interplay of free pass on and responsibility i s the gauge for an individuals worth. Merits that ar granted to people who exude excellence and demonstration quality performance should non at all be awarded to them because ones talents, abilities, and moral values are influenced by the family, heredity and the environment. (Pojman, 1999)The three aforementioned viewpoints have now become the basis of arguments and debates everyplace the meaning of worth and the basis of merit.At this point, we ask ourselves on which ground do we stand on? How do we perceive the contributions of early(a) people? How do we define excellence? On what grounds should we base the merits granted to other people? Why are merits valuable to us? These are just well-nigh of the questions we ask ourselves when presented with conflicting desires about how we should perceive peoples contributions and the intentions of their actions, and on what grounds should we base the merits that shall be granted to them.The author has expressed his own opinion abou t the topic of conversation, and agreeto him, merits are dependent on desert. This ubiquitous idea is based on the concept that we should deserve what we earn because what we earn is dependent on our intentions and actions. Therefore, those who are innocuous and honorable should be merited because they deserve it. On the other hand, those who are vicious should be punished based on the intensity of their actions. (Pojman, 1999) The balance or symmetry in merit and desert should be the ideal principle that governs people in terms of what they deserve collectable to their way of thinking, beliefs, and actions. However, this ideal nonion of merit and desert does not materialize in the state of our military man at present. There is too much injustice in society that the idyllic system of merit and desert, or earning what we deserve, is just an idea that we wish our world should be. This system of injustice and precariousness lead us to depend upon Cosmic justice in order to attain the equilibrium surrounded by merit and desert. (Pojman, 1999) This idea of order inspired by Cosmic justice is vindicated by moral truths that were based on the scriptures. Randy Alcorn, who writes for the Eternal placement Ministries, explains the interplay mingled with actions and pay backs by stating evidences from the Holy Bible. Alcorn stresses that the scriptures support the concept of balance between merit and desert. Rewards are obtained by doing good deeds, and Gods judgments are based on the ethics and uprightness of mans actions and works on earth. Moreover, these good deeds are the basis for the salvation of man. (Alcorn, 2007)As Alcorn revealed passages from the Holy Bible and interpreted each text in terms of actions, rewards, and punishments, he restated that righteous desert or actions are the things that people do according to desires of God, and these particular actions are the ones which deserve rewards. Alcorn continues to argue about the significance of rewards in the biblical context. Based on the scriptures, rewards that shall be granted to man are dependent on ones capacity to remain faithful to the Divine Being. This is because what man chooses to conceive and have faith in determine mans destination eternally. Righteous works and actions pass by man eternal life. Moreover, these righteous works and actions determine what man shall receive as a reward from God. (Alcorn, 2007) Straying away from the biblical concept of we deserve what we earn, we are going to shift to the views of Kant which strongly supports the desert-based system of granting merits. According to Kant, deeds are worthy of merit. Moreover, desert done as a moral craft is deserving of a reward or a positive appraisal. According to Kant, estimable actions deserve rewards condescension the morality or uprightness of an action. This becomes a point of argument between two opposing views of the desert-based system. However, the similarities between Kants desert- based system and mans common view about merits and desert do not differ from one another. (Johnson, 1996) The commonality between Kants desert-based system and the viewpoints of the majority of man is grounded on the drive for granting merits to an act that was done according to ones duty and responsibilities and the morality and uprightness that comes with it. (Johnson, 1996)Moreover, man would not argue that those who conduct vicious behavior should not be given merit, but on the other hand, be granted punishments that are in equal weight with the negative behavior committed. The evaluation of action, according to Kant is based on the intentions and the results of the particular action. The evaluation of action to the ordinary and common viewpoint of man is based on the morality and uprightness of a certain action. The evaluation of action according to the scriptures is grounded on the obligation of God as revealed in the Holy Bible.ReferencesAlcorn, R. (2007). Can We Really Ear n Eternal Rewards? Retrieved April 6, 2008, from Eternal Perspective Ministries. Website http//www.epm.org/articles/earn.htmlJohnson, R. N. (1996). Kants Conception of Merit. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from University of Missouri. Website http//web.missouri.edu/johnsonrn/merit.pdfPojman, L. (1999). Merit Why Do We Value It? Journal of Social Philosophy. Malden Blackwell Publishers

Influence of Entertainment Media Paper Essay

After a hard day at work or after accomplishing the tasks of the day, people turn to pastime media much(prenominal) as a book or magazine, a newspaper, turn on the radio or television, attend music, play video games, or go watch a movie. It is a coordinate of leisure we essay to get ourselves amused (Curtis, 2011). cheer media has been widely used every day by children, adults, and elderly people. umpteen people do not realize the large amount of time spent using entertainment media by using mobile devices (Lule, 2012).How entertainment media shaped American CultureEntertainment media has shaped American culture by influencing the way we think, the way we feel, what to wear, what to listen to, political and religious views and believes. Magazines, newspapers, radio and television fork up information on every day topics and news around the world. This is valuable information that helps us produce more knowledgeable of the news even though this type of media only informs a cer tain parting of the truth (Lule, 2012). It is in our culture to value and determine how factual the information provided and the way this is conveyed to the public.Social Influences of Entertainment Media Positive or Negative Social influences such as, Facebook and Twitter create a negative form of entertainment media. Mass communication is widely intended to entertain (Curtis, 2011). When people use social networks, on that point are many commercials that may influence what is the latest fashion trend or what products to purchase. We may not have much opinion of what decision to make because we are constantly influenced by the entertainment media we watch, learn or read.ConclusionEntertainment media is a mere reflection of our behaviors and attitudes. Mostof our opinions are based on what we saw on television or what we heard on the radio or even what a friend posted on Facebook. Our behaviors and attitude are influenced by entertainment media that reflects the way we live our nonchalant lives.ReferencesLule, J. (2012). Flat world knowledge. Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. 2011 Dr. Anthony Curtis, Mass Communication Dept., University of North Carolina at Pembroke